Desa Chat
Peter Davis
Desa Chat TM Version 3.0
(C) 1989-2000 by Peter
Davis
Sketches (C) by Joyce Harpur, 1999
Star Man Logo TM Peter
Davis, 1992
Published by Peter Davis and The Desa Educational Trust,
1999/2000
All rights reserved
The name Desa Chat is the
English language title of Dejeru Sapuho, the World Language.
This web
page provides a simplified description of Desa Chat, so that its major
strengths and weaknesses can be assessed. The design and development of Dejeru
Sapuho has been carried out over a number of years by Peter Davis, who
continues this enterprise under the sponsorship of The Desa Educational Trust.
The DET is a charity concerned both with the tutoring of thinking and study
skills, and with the development and promotion of the World Language, Dejeru Sapuho.
The most significant attempt to produce an acceptable international language is that of Esperanto, which was published just over 100 years ago. For many reasons it was not the success that its creator, Dr Zamenhof, had hoped. It has however, proved conclusively that such a language can provide the means of overcoming the problems of international communication.
The current international language is undoubtedly English, but more by an accident of history than because of any inherent suitability. Indeed, it is politically, culturally and linguistically quite unsuitable for this purpose.
Now at last we have Dejeru Sapuho, a world language free from many of the weaknesses of Esperanto, and one that has been designed to make use of digital language processing techniques. During its development a wide variety of languages was examined, and many of their features have been adopted. However, no attempt has been made to achieve any form of synthesis.
Typefaces used in this
Outline:
This typeface is used
for the main text.
This typeface is used for emphasis or for important comments.
This typeface is used for Desa
Chat words.
This typeface is used
for UK English language equivalents.
Return to Contents
The Desa Chat alphabet consists of 26 letters, identical in appearance to those of the English language.
Pronunciation of the consonants is
similar to that of UK English, with some important
exceptions:
c has the sound
of the ts in hats, not the c in cat or cent.
g has the sound of the g in gas, not as in gem.
q has the sound of the ch in chat.
s has the sound
of the s in son, not as in rose.
w has the sound
of the sh in shore.
x has the sound
of the s in measure.
y has the sound
of the y in yes.
Note that c is NOT the sound of t followed by s. It is the sound of a short s made with the tongue initially pressed hard against the top of the mouth.
The vowels are pronounced as follows:
a has the sound of the a in father.
e has the sound of the e in net.
i has the sound of the ee in meet.
o has the sound of the o in note.
u has the sound of the oo in hoot.
There are no diphthongs, doubled, or
muted vowels.
Desa Chat is a syllabic language in which every syllable consists of a single consonant followed by one or other of five vowels. There is a total of 105 syllables.
Here is a complete list of the Desa
Chat syllables:
ba be bi bo bu
ca ce ci co cu
da de di do du
fa fe fi fo fu
ga ge gi go gu
ha he hi ho hu
ja je ji jo ju
ka ke ki ko ku
la le li lo lu
ma me mi mo mu
na ne ni no nu
pa pe pi po pu
qa qe qi qo qu
ra re ri ro ru
sa se si so su
ta te ti to tu
va ve vi vo vu
wa we wi wo wu
xa xe xi xo xu
ya ye yi yo yu
za ze zi zo zu
Desa Chat words consist of
one, two or three of these syllables. Common faults of UK English speakers
of Desa Chat are: Note that all syllables are given equal stress (emphasis).
The last five syllables in this
list are reserved for use in language-processing systems.
1. Mispronouncing the
consonants c, q, w and x.
2. Pronouncing two syllables as one.
3. Pronouncing three syllables as two.
4. Pronouncing the vowel u as if it
were the diphthong 'ee-oo'.
One-syllable Desa Chat words
serve as indicators, helping to define the role that a word plays in a
sentence:
All twenty indicators are taken from the following
sequence:
ba ce di fo gu he ji ko lu ma
ni po qu ra se to vu wa xe yi
No other Desa Chat words begin with any of these syllables.
The indicators commonly used in Desa
Chat are listed here:
ba signifies the present.
ce ---
di that, which (determiner).
fo ---
gu signifies
a command.
he ---
ji signifies
the plural.
ko ---
lu makes,
causes to be.
ma ---
ni ---
po
---
qu signifies
a question.
ra becomes,
turns into.
se ---
to signifies
the future.
vu ---
wa of
(possessive)
xe ---
yi signifies
the past.
Present:
ba is, are
this word is used only for emphasis or
clarification.
1. I eat. Vigi
bubino.
2. Today I eat. Carobi vigi
bubino.
Past:
yi was, were
When it is clear that the action words refers
to the past, yi is not necessary.
1. They
spoke. Yi napi kimema.
2. Yesterday I
spoke. Timoda vigi kimema.
Future:
to (pronounced 'toh') will be
When it is clear that the action word refers to the future,
to is not necessary.
1. We will
read. To cuje gojumi.
2. Tomorrow I
will read. Camisi vigi gojumi.
All Desa Chat link words begin with one of the following twenty syllables:
be ci do fu ga hi jo ku la me
no pu qa re si tu va we xi yo
No other Desa Chat words begin
with any of these syllables.
Examples using the link words:
1. The flower is from the garden. Pisuvo remo tiruqe.
2. The pictures are on the wall. Wuluyu ji befo jecuso.
3. Perhaps he has news. Mehu liba bulico figeqe.
4. She will sing during the visit. Moha to muhitu qago kiyevo.
5. The tree is beside the stream. Muviva tuvu bupiqo.
A complete list of Link words given in Section 12.
bi co du fa ge ho ju ka le mi
nu pa qe ri so ta ve wi xo yu
No other Desa Chat words begin with any of these syllables.
Examples using the modifiers:
offspring of, collection of, unit of, container for.
1. Lokupa: lopuka nico kitten
A complete list of modifiers is given in Section 13.
P words, numbers, functions and the Matrix root words All members of this Group begin with one of the following twenty
syllables:
2. Hapaqo: hapaqo hoje flock of birds
3. Ruceya: ruceya qeba speck of dust
4. Jewova: jewova kawa rubbish bin
bo cu da fe gi hu ja ke li mo
na pe qi ro su te vi wo xu ya
No other Desa Chat words begin with any of these syllables
eleven vifo texo
twenty moju
vifo
seven hundred roho wohe
five
thousand licu qibo
Maths functions
Logic functions The Matrix root words
The ten Matrix determiners The nine Matrix naming
words A complete list of P words,
numbers, functions and Matrix words is given in Section 14.
The Desa Chat Matrix provides a large set (90) of two-syllable words
for commonly used expressions. This is achieved by combining each of the ten
two-syllable Matrix determiners with each of the nine two-syllable Matrix
naming words. The second and third syllables are then dropped, producing the
characteristic Matrix shortform. The list of Matrix root words is repeated here:
The ten Matrix determiners The nine Matrix naming
words A complete list of Matrix words is
given in Section 15.
add jase
angle kewo
cosine gifu
divide kevu
degree lifi
equals roke
even (not odd) culu
factor suqe
fraction boda
integer daru
logarithm boce
multiply romu
negative susu
odd (not even) xune
positive wolo
power (index) qide
prime tete
product moko
quotient gigo
radian tewu
reciprocal feti
root peto
sine
qigu
subtract xuro
tangent lige
AND feyo
NOT nara
OR huju
XOR
supi
all yate
any cuhi
each woja
every boda
no nasu
some pevi
some
other xune
that gida
this suno
what kevu
amount
(much) vidu
number
(many) rola
kind
of teyi
person jari
place qifa
reason huko
thing daso
time feve
way mome
all yate
any cuhi
each woja
every boda
no nasu
some pevi
some
other xune
that gida
this suno
what kevu
amount
(much) vidu
number
(many) rola
kind
of teyi
person jari
place qifa
reason huko
thing daso
time feve
way mome
All Desa Chat naming words, describing words, and action words have three syllables, and begin with one of the following twenty syllables:
bu ca de fi go ha je ki lo mu
ne pi qo ru sa ti vo wu xa ye
No other Desa Chat words begin with any of these syllables.
See Section 14 for a list of some commonly used three-syllable words.Three-syllable words make up the largest part of the Desa Chat vocabulary. There are more than 5,000 of them. They form three groups:
1. Words that name living things, objects, ideas, feelings, etc. These
are called naming words. In this Section they are given the symbol
N.
2. Words that describe the appearance, texture, colour,
personality, attitude, etc of N words. These are called describing
words. In this Section they are given the symbol D.
3. Words that
refer to the action, state or change in position, etc of an N word,
or a change in a relationship, etc between two or more N words. These
are called action words. In this Section are given the symbol A.
There are also some two-syllable naming words. In this Section they are given the symbol P.
Note: Square brackets [ ] are used in this Section to enclose a 'word for word translation' of the Desa Chat text.
1. The naming word N 1.1 In Desa Chat, a naming word N may be taken to include the English articles3.1 A simple word order is P A N
4. Asking Questions
4.1 The main Desa Chat question word is qu (pronounced 'choo')qu pitefu is it a knife?
4.2 A further question word is available:
No question mark is necessary.
This is combined in the Matrix, to give for example:
kevu + daso = kevudaso what thing?
In Matrix shortform, this becomes:
ke+so = keso
The second and third syllables having been dropped.
4.3 Here is a complete list of the Matrix shortform question words:
how, in what
way? keme from mome way
how much? kedu from
vidu amount (much)
how
many? kela from rola number (many)
what kind
of? keyi from teyi kind of
what
thing? keso from daso thing (matrix)
when, at what
time? keve from feve time
where, at what
place? kefa from qifa place
who, which
person? keri from jari person
why, for what
reason? keko from huko reason
5. Possession
5.1 In the word order N N, the
first N is possessed by the second.
runadi safija 5.2 In the word order N P, the
N is possessed by P.
runadi vigi
The design of Desa Chat
words The Desa first syllable ba 1 be 2 bi
2 bo 2 bu 3 Writing Desa Chat 1. Loxici sipe vojicu. 1.
Loxicisipevojicu. ucijov epis icixoL .1 Desa words Redundancy Word building
Translating. English Desa
A B C D E F H I
L
M N O P S
T
too (excessive) puyo
U V W Y
* In English, besides can mean apart from
or in addition to.
In Desa Chat, these two meanings are distinguished.
Desa --> English
bebe approximately cija yet
done fute beyond
gabe on (not
off) hihu jonu afterwards kutu with labu at mehu perhaps noni often puti qabi again
rehi soon sini in (within) tuta far vaba switched on weha under xina instead of
yota because of
This Section is currently being further developed.
Desa -->English
bibu the opposite of:
cohu
dunu what must be done:
fatu system of:
gebu signifies the feminine gender of:
hohi separation, scattering:
juni
kati frequent or continuous action:
lebi sort of, somewhat(-ish):
mihi feeling or showing this: -->
nuna lives in or inhabits this place: -->
pata wrong(ly), (mis-):
qeba one item from a number of similar items:
riha
sona over again, repeated:
tato having skill with this: -->
wiho a team, organised group:
xono both sexes together: -->
yuto
P words, numbers, functions and Matrix root words list
English --> Desa
A B C D E F
H I K L M N O P Q R S T U W
X Y Z
Desa --> English
bobi sine (trig) cuhi any (Matrix)
dani either feti reciprocal (maths) gibi zero, 0 huha single unit,
item jana four,
4 keta comma (,) liba he, him moha she, her nano stop (.) peto root
(maths) qibo thousand, 1,000
roho seven, 7 suno this
(Matrix) tete prime
(maths) vibe semi-colon (;) wohe hundred,
100 xune some other (Matrix)
yate all (Matrix)
1. The Family
2. The Home
3. Cooking
4. Food and Drink
[book child]
the book
of the child
the child's book
[book I]
the book of
me
my book
From the more than five million words that the syllablic structure
of Desa Chat can provide, an algorithm was used to select only ten
thousand. In this way it was possible to ensure that every word in Desa
Chat differed from every other word by at least a specific minimum
percentage of corresponding letters.
The allocation of a meaning to each
of these words was performed by another algorithm, on a random basis. A
degree of error detection has been included.
One hundred three-syllable
Desa Chat words have been set aside for users themselves to
allocate.
The first
syllable of a Desa Chat word indicates the number of syllables in
that word, as follows:
ca 3 ce
1 ci 2 co 2 cu 2
da
2 de 3 di 1 do 2 du 2
fa 2 fe 2 fi 3
fo 1 fu 2
ga 2 ge
2 gi 2 go 3 gu 1
ha
3 he 1 hi 2 ho 2 hu 2
ja 2 je 3 ji 1
jo 2 ju 2
ka 2 ke
2 ki 3 ko 1 ku 2
la
2 le 2 li 2 lo 3 lu 1
ma 1 me 2 mi 2
mo 2 mu 3
na 2 ne
3 ni 1 no 2 nu 2
pa
2 pe 2 pi 3 po 1 pu 2
qa 2 qe 2 qi 2
qo 3 qu 1
ra 1 re
2 ri 2 ro 2 ru 3
sa
3 se 1 si 2 so 2 su 2
ta 2 te 2 ti 3
to 1 tu 2
va 2 ve
2 vi 2 vo 3 vu 1
wa
1 we 2 wi 2 wo 2 wu 3
xa 3 xe 1 xi 2
xo 2 xu 2
ya 2 ye
3 yi 1 yo 2 yu 2
Desa
Chat can be written from left to right, or from right to left, either
letter-by-letter, syllable-by-syllable, word-by-word or without any spaces
between words. Here are three examples:
Dedoqo
hadisa.
Cageji pinumi, sipe catamo haguvi
. Cageji kisupi
^Teodoro^.
Tinidu mubuye.
Loxici caqifu.
Loxici goviwo.
Dedoqohadisa.
Cagejipinumi,
sipecatamohaguvi.
Cagejikisupi ^Teodoro^
.
Tinidumubuye.
Loxicicaqifu.
Loxicigoviwo.
.asidah
oqodeD
.ivugah omatac epis ,imunip ijegaC
^Teodoro^. ipusik
ijegaC
.eyubum udiniT
.ufiqac icixoL
.owivog icixoL
One-syllable words
are used to indicate the grammatical role that the word plays in a sentence.
There are approximately 300
two-syllable words, divided into three groups.
The
first group uses a sequence starting with be, the second group uses
a sequence starting with
bi, the third uses a sequence
starting with bo.
All two-syllable words (other than the Matrix
shortform words) differ from each other by at least two corresponding
letters.
In the English
language, the difference in spelling can be as small as 25% among a group of
words (e.g. pats, pets, pits, pots, puts), and less than this between some
pairs of words (eg strikes, strokes)
In Desa Chat, however, one-syllable words differ
from each other by at least 50% of corresponding letters, two-syllable
words also differ from each other by at least 50%, and three-syllable by
at least 33%.
In all Desa Chat three-syllable words, the first two syllables and the
second two syllables are used no more than four times.
Word-building is
not a feature of Desa Chat.
A very important characteristic of Desa Chat is
that each word should have only one meaning. In this way a good deal of
ambiguity is avoided.
Idioms and metaphors vary in meaning from one language to another,
therefore cannot be translated.
Such idioms and metaphors, and personal names, place names, company names, book titles etc, can however be labelled in Desa Chat with the symbol ^. In this way it is possible to search for such words or phrases in their original form, so helping with the text-processing process.
above gadu
according to
fuwu
after nope
afterwards jonu
again qabi
against fuva
almost doqu
along jopo
already beca
also (too) fuyi
although meki
altogether weju
among(st) noso
and sipe
and/or kuwi
apart from (besides)* reka
approximately bebe
as far as hima
as if cimi
at labu
at least qada
at the rate of (@) kuvo
away from hijo
because of yota
before jore
behind noqa
belonging to siqa
below vage
besides (apart from) reka
besides (in addition to) siso
between yowo
beyond fute
both ladi
but weli
by
means of kuya
concerning xiri
down lafe
during qago
either ... or cilo
ever xiqo
far tuta
for the purpose of joqi
from remo
further puwa
furthermore noru
however gaca
if yovu
immediately vacu
in addition to (besides)* siso
in front of begi
in (within) sini
indeed yoye
in
order to fuxo
instead of xina
lacking weko
little dopa
mainly gagi
moreover noru
much tuwo
near tuvu
neither ...
nor qace
nonetheless puxu
notwithstanding mejo
of (belonging to) siqa
off (not on) mema
often noni
on
(not off) gabe
on the other side of dosi
on (upon) befo
only laco
or gafo (and/or = kuwi)
perhaps
mehu
scarcely vado
seldom relu
soon rehi
surely qafu
switched off xipu
switched on vaba
than ciku
therefore siru
through kuxe
to (up to) puve
to (in
order to) fuxo
to (towards) laga
together tuxi
too (also) fuyi
under
weha
up weme
upon (on) befo
very
reje
with kutu
without fail josa
yet cija
beca already
bedu
befo on (upon)
begi in front of
ciku than
cilo either ...
or
cimi as if
cine
dopa little
doqu almost
doro
dosi on the other side of
fuva against
fuwu according to
fuxo in order to
fuyi also (too)
gaca however
gadu above over
gafo or (and/or =
kuwi)
gagi mainly
hijo away from
hiki even though
hile
hima as far as
jopo along (of
movement)
joqi for the purpose
of
jore before
josa without fail
kuvo at the rate of (@)
kuwi and/or
kuxe through
kuya by
means of
laco only
ladi both
lafe down
laga to (towards)
mejo notwithstanding
meki although
mele
mema off (not on)
nope after
noqa behind
noru
noso among(st)
puve to (up to)
puwa further
puxu nonetheless
puyo too (excessive)
qace neither ...
nor
qada at
least
qafu surely
qago during
reje very
reka besides (apart from)
relu seldom
remo from
sipe and
siqa of (belonging to)
siru therefore
siso besides (in addition to)
tuvu near
tuwo much
tuxi together
tuye
vacu immediately
vado scarcely
vafi
vage
weju altogether
weko without
weli but
weme up
xipu switched off
xiqo ever
xiri concerning
xise only (just)
yovu if
yowo between
yoxi
yoye indeed
bico offspring of:
bidi
bife adherent, member of:
biga instrument, equipment which does this (-er, -or):
cojo place or location of:
coki leader, manager:
cole
coma
dupo
duqi indicates the superlative (-est):
dure
dusa serving as, having the function of:
favo being in/having a specific (physical, mental) condition:
fawi (has no definite meaning):
faxe
faya a person expert in:
geco
gedi in the direction of:
gefe the study of:
gega very small:
hoje collection, group of:
hoka
holu can be, able to (action):
homo
jupe makes it this (-ify, -en):
juqa
juru
juso person who customarily does this (-er, -or):
kave tool for:
kawa container for:
kaxu
kayo
lece
leda without (-less):
lefu holder for one of these things: -->
lego
mije act, fact, state of: -->
mika person possessing the quality of:
milu worthy of:
mimo thing that customarily does this: -->
nupu very big:
nuqo
nuri signifies the masculine gender:
nuse condition of being this: -->
pavu
pawo tool for:
paxi
paye opposite of:
qecu
qedo of, like, having this: -->
qefi act, fact, state of being (-ment):
qege
riju state or quality of being this: -->
riko
rili possibility of, likelyhood of:
rime equipment for: -->
sopu
soqo covered with, having the nature of: -->
sori
sose
tavi language of, custom of: -->
tawe shameful, nasty: -->
taxa
tayu indicates the comparative (-er):
veci made of this (-en):
vede
vefa sudden action or a momentary event: -->
vegu having the nature of this: -->
wiji
wike having this condition: -->
wila disgusting, very unpleasant: -->
wimu
xopi
xoqe makes substantive:
xora
xosu
yuvi makes abstract (-ness, -ship):
yuwe
yuxa
yuyu neither male nor female, the neuter of:
a (rarely used) naqe
add
(maths) jase
all
(Matrix) yate
amount (much)
(Matrix) vidu
AND
(logic) feyo
angle
(maths) kewo
any
(Matrix) cuhi
back slash (\) yaxo
colon (:) pexa
comma (,) keta
cosine (trig) gifu
divide (maths) woku
degree
(maths) lifi
each bogo
eight,
8 huli
either dani
equals (=)(maths) roke
every
(Matrix) boda
even (not odd)
(maths) culu
factor
(maths) suqe
five, 5 licu
forward slash (/) woja
four,
4 jana
fraction (maths) boda
hash (#) fewa
he,
him liba
hundred, 100 wohe
I,
me vigi
it fexu
integer
(maths) daru
kind
of teyi
less than (<) (maths) yawu
log
(maths) boce
more than (>)
(maths) cumo
multiply
(maths) romu
negative
(maths) susu
nine, 9 dape
no, not
(Matrix) nasu
NOT (logic) nara
number
(many) Matrix rola
odd (not even)
(maths) xupa
one, 1 texo
OR
(logic) huju
place
(Matrix) qifa
positive
(maths) wolo
power
(maths) qide
prime
(maths) tete
product
(maths) moko
quantity (many)
(Matrix) rola
quotient
(maths) gigo
radian
(maths) tewu
reason
(Matrix) huko
reciprocal
(maths) feti
root
(maths) peto
self (for emphasis)
hume
self xuqu
semi-colon (;) vibe
seven,
7 roho
she, her moha
sign
(maths) qigu
sine
(trig) bobi
single unit,
item huha
six, 6 pewe
some
(Matrix) pevi
some other
(Matrix) xune
space ( ) jaqo
stop (.) nano
subtract
(maths) xuro
tangent
(trig) lige
ten, 10 vifo
that
(Matrix) gida
the (used only for
emphasis) yava
them japu
they napi
this (Matrix) suno
thousand, 1,000 qibo
three,
3 sura
time (Matrix) feve
two,
2 moju
us, we cuje
way (Matrix) mome
we, us cuje
what (Matrix) kevu
XOR
(logic) supi
yes teva
you (singular) keye
you
(plural) moli
zero,
0 gibi
boce log
(maths)
boda fraction
(maths)
bofu every
(Matrix)
bogo each
cuje we, us
cuka
culu even (not odd) (maths)
cumo more than (>)(maths)
dape nine,
9
daqa
daru
daso thing (Matrix)
feve time
(Matrix)
fewa hash (#)
fexu
feyo AND (logic)
gice
gida that
(Matrix)
gifu cosine
(trig)
gigo quotient
(maths)
huju OR
(logic)
huko reason
(Matrix)
huli eight,
8
hume self (for emphasis)
japu them
jaqo space ( )
jari people
(Matrix)
jase add (maths)
kevu what
(Matrix)
kewo angle
(maths)
kexi
keye you (singular)
licu five, 5
lido
lifi degree (maths)
lige tangent (trig)
moju two,
2
moko product
(maths)
moli you
(plural)
mome way (Matrix)
napi they
naqe a (rarely used)
nara NOT (logic)
nasu no, not
(Matrix)
pevi some
(Matrix)
pewe six, 6
pexa colon (:)
peyu
qici
qide power
(maths)
qifa place
(Matrix)
qigu sign (maths)
roji greater than (symbol) (maths)
roke equals (=) (maths)
rola number (many)
(Matrix)
romu multiply
(maths)
supi XOR
(logic)
suqe factor
(maths)
sura three,
3
susu negative (maths)
teva yes
tewu radian
(maths)
texo one,
1
teyi kind of
vica
vidu amount (much)
(Matrix)
vifo ten,
10
vigi I, me
woja forward-slash (/)
woku divide
(maths)
wolo positive
(maths)
womi
xupa odd
(maths)
xuqu self
xuro subtract
(maths)
xusi parenthesis ()
yava the
(for emphasis)
yawu less than (<)
yaxo back-slash (\)
yayi
5. The Body
6. Living Things
7. Medical Matters
8. Sports, Games, Hobbies and Pastimes
9. Entertainment, Travel and Transport
10. Money
11. Thinking and Feeling
12. Language
13. The Solar System, the Universe, Time and Space
14. Town and Country
15. The Weather
16. Common Substances
17. Devices, Tools and Equipment
18. School and College
19. Colours and Shapes
20. Clothes
21. Some More Action Words
22. Some More Describing Words
Return to Topic words
aunt n yevipi
baby n qojilu
birth n buveqa
boy n cabule
brother n vojuma
child n safija
cousin n kiguvi
daughter n kiyofi
family n jekecu
father n muhove
female n lomije
girl n losoqo
infant n tibafi
male n tibuyo
man n kiveke
mother n mufofa
nephew n picaja
niece n bubila
parent n burihu
relation n jeyoli
son n sareno
uncle n deroxu
woman n detiji
Return to Topic words
aerial (=antenna) n jenero
bath n
kireyo
bed n butujo
bedspread n
wugaci
blanket n pilegu
brush n ruhusi
broom n qosule
ceiling n bururi
chair n fifara
coal n loyema
curtain n losabe
door n busibe
drawer (box) n
jebade
electricity n lorahu
floor n xaboqi
fire n cajaxe
flame n salore
gate wujeri
home n lohuko
house n fiyuso
pillow n qobime
radio n sapuji
roof n catahi
room n jedifa
sheet (cloth) n
xamexo
shower (water)
n cawebu
sink a voyaqe
shelf n voyuge
soap n nesudi
stairs n
xaveqo
table n vonaba
toilet n rusiyu
towel n hawuga
TV n xamuju
wall n jecuso
window n wututi
Return to Topic words
bake a yejawa
boil (water) a demoma
bottle n muxora
bowl (basin) n yediwo
chopsticks n kipefa
crockery n qoxuwi
cup n wuvibo
cutlery n bucige
cooker n tikone
fry a cahiji
heat n jekutu
kitchen n negege
knife n pitefu
oil (cooking) n kixulo
oven n vobavu
pot (container) n gonuvo
plate n goyuka
roast a ruteni
saucepan n lojufu
sink (kitchen) n voyaqe
steam n jetato
stove n habesi
fork n qoqofa
saucer n kisufa
spoon n gomaha
Return to Contents
apple n gocexu
banana n jeyura
bean n jesoju
bread n qonanu
butter n vocujo
cake n wuguli
cereal n xajimu
cheese n tipoxo
chilli n haroyu
chip (potato) n cawihi
coffee n caxife
curry n habiwi
cabbage n nedudo
carrot n mudave
celery n kixavo
drink n timara
egg n munufi
fish n jeguci
food n gohedo
fruit n jeqipi
garlic n qobina
ginger n yeveha
herb n kicase
jelly n denifa
mash n loxiye
meal n ruqoka
meat n qogape
milk n jeyusu
mushroom n tihela
onion n rulera
orange (fruit) n xafugu
pasta n vofenu
pastry n ruleto
pea n bumase
pepper n tibilo
pie n xaxose
potato n loseki
pudding n camaju
noodles n sayowu
rice n hajesu
roll (food) n lolime
salad n pipeya
salt n sakisa
sandwich n mufoci
sauce n wupofo
sausage n ruqavi
soup n pinicu
spice n havupe
stew n kilanu
sugar n kiwuqi
tea n bifuju
toast n jerece
tomato n dexufi
vegetable n tikiko
vinegar n xaloko
water n caqoge
wheat n bufuha
wine n gocobo
Return to Topic words
arm n lohara
belly n xasuna
blood n butaso
body n wutonu
bone n kijica
brain n vopigu
calf (of leg) n cakeya
chest (body) n lowaru
chin n wuqiwo
ear n kimiru
elbow n gowihi
eye n jevera
finger n kifaki
flesh n tipito
foot n hasuxa
hair n golivo
hand n qowapi
head n jewoxo
heart n fihena
heel n fidoko
knee n cajiba
leg n necexe
lip n mubaci
lungs n kinoti
mouth n jexadi
muscle n sajami
neck n jevubi
nerve n tiwoxa
nose n xahiro
shoulder n lohoda
sight n neyewo
skin n kikuki
stomach n qomevu
thumb n pisimu
toe n degoga
tongue n xatuhi
tooth n xajuwi
Return to Topic words
ant n tihisi
bee n loxufo
bird n hapaqo
bush n qodume
cat n lopuka
fence n tiredi
fish n jeguci
fly (insect) n decabu
fowl n kisixu
flower n pisuvo
grass n buhito
hedge n xanapu
horse n dekiqa
lion n dekiqa
lawn n samopa
leaf n yesiya
monkey n kideta
mouse n wuladu
nut (edible) n lobano
path n fibosi
pig n vovipi
plant (seed) a rucaqu
rat n titase
root (plant) n vojohe
seed n kixaxe
stem n tivudi
tree n muviva
sheep n fijabu
snake n savayi
Return to Topic words
ache n nebifi
blister n bukuto
break n wucila
break (damage) a vosano
bruise n muloji
cough a wunidu
cut (a wound) n piwexo
diagnose a loqeri
digestion n jecore
digest a losafo
doctor (medical) n tiqeje
faint d yekobo
hospital n camemu
hurt n voqaxe
ill d mupepi
medical d timaqe
nurse n pihewa
pain n ruwebe
sick d canada
virus n cahusa
vomit n vohuti
well (not ill) d caveka
Return to Topic words
athletics n yemene
computer n xakeda
exercise a necuji
football n mubabo
game n tikuqu
games n timaxa
golf n kitagu
handicraft n xayuri
hobby n gobifa
pastime n hajapu
puzzle a yesivo
run (movement) a lojiwu
sport n jefatu
sports n kicaqo
tennis n volixu
Return to Topic words
bicycle n neseye
boat n halabu
bus n haciro
car n dewoba
caravan n loxiwo
coach (carriage) n mubuye
holiday n pibiwo
hostel n wulika
hotel n nekofu
map n yepike
plane (aircraft) n kicoco
sea n vocuga
ship n qojimo
station (transport) n yegeku
tent n rupura
ticket n yeceye
timetable n vonibe
train (railway) n picema
travel a qojehu
Return to Topic words
account n ruluda
balance n lofuva
cash n muxehi
company (firm) n degawo
credit n piyeli
debit n qoloxi
debt n qogese
industry n detone
insure a pijubo
interest (money) n pijalo
loss (financial) n sakemi
market n fijina
money n jeriha
office (place) n dexete
pay a buruta
price n wukovi
produce a dejanu
profit a yegabo
property n buqeki
Return to Topic words
argue a xabafi
conscious d muwira
decide a budice
invent a vosucu
judge a cawoli
know (a fact) a bugiwu
know (understand) a calano
memory n gomuti
mind (thoughts) n tiwiqo
recall a nexuni
theory n caxoka
think a dexixe
thought n yecuga
wise d kiqohe
feel a jeqoqu
hear a tidifi
listen a kimahe
look (at) a voroha
observe a xafuho
see a gohecu
sense (feel) a titixo
sense (touch) a ruyoca
smell a qocuto
taste a hanife
touch a pimiji
watch (observe) a fikusu
Return to Topic words
chat a wucote
letter (of alphabet) n mubuvu
line (of print) n qovesa
novel n satola
paragraph n pixuce
prose n caxavi
script n wukaga
simile cacobo
sentence (words) n kininu
story n nevoqo
style n lovica
syllable n wuxane
text n budawu
word n xabipa
Return to Topic words
afternoon n loqixa
autumn n wusima
astronomy n wuvici
date (day) n muvubi
dawn n xavani
day n hajera
evening n qokijo
earth (planet) n pivupi
equinox n cadiwa
future n qofobu
galaxy n vofahe
hour n hagoha
minute (time) n cacoci
month n wutija
morning n vopopa
moon n rumaka
night n jexime
past n capuqu
planet n yeleqi
season n jepiro
second (time) n vonimi
space (universe) n fipovi
spring (season) n gorasu
star n bupowe
summer n firuri
sun n vohop
sunrise n hahuko
sunset n ricuho
solstice n qorigi
time n savoha
today n carobi
tomorrow n camisi
week n neroco
winter n voruho
year n sanawi
yesterday n timoda
Return to Topic words
bank (river) n hariri
barn n jehepa
beach n yebuni
boat n bubeqa
bridge (over) n qopowo
country (not town) n saduye
farm n demonu
field n loheva
flower n pinumi
garden n tiruqe
harbour n nemoxo
hedge n xavuki
hill n ruruhi
island n xahaju
lake n logumu
land (earth) n hakiqe
lane (country) n capiju
orchard n ruhuqu
office (place) n fifofu
park (car) n rujida
park (garden) n tivese
plough n xavudi
road n mutuko
river n xawise
rock (stone) n yefaku
sand n lojapu
shop n rusivi
store n vowusi
street n hajuce
sea n vojefi
shore n deseji
stream n bupiqo
town n goveje
tree n mumije
valley n cageho
village n yejoja
water n caqoge
wave (sea) n mucija
wood (trees) n xarowu
Return to Topic words
cloud n neyati
cold d fihowu
drought n losejo
flood n finiyu
frost n tipaje
freeze a vofaku
hot d hapoco
ice n xaniyi
overcast n fiyeci
pressure n defoni
rain n tigufi
snow n jemaro
storm n desuve
sun n vohopo
temperature n titofe
thunder n deqeqi
weather n desore
wind (air) n fifewu
Return to Topic words
acid n caviwo
aluminium n dewaro
bell n hasejo
blade n detedo
bolt (threaded) n cateme
brass n qovive
brush n ruhusi
canvas (cloth) n bulogo
cloth n mujipa
comb a xapito
copper n mudoja
cord n golero
cork n kiqide
cotton n vomepa
fork (implement) n qoqafa
glass (substance) n rukoru
gold n lotefo
hammer n gokuji
iron n mufode
knife n pitefu
knot n xafimo
lead (metal) n volami
leather n nerewe
line (railway) n cakasi
line (rope) n dekaku
linen n qohahu
liquid n buqabe
metal n yecaqa
paper n munara
powder n buquvi
scissors n qojose
screw n gojaxe
silk n yerocu
silver n qobuyi
spade n dekaja
sponge n sadinu
steel n vojici
stone n mulido
thread n goxuna
tin (metal) n filoje
wax n yewuqu
wire n fiqini
wood (material) n wudafe
wool n qoxeho
Return to Topic words
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