Musa paradisiaca "synonyms"

Musa paradisiaca L., Species Plantarum : 1043 (1753).   see http://www.botanicus.org/page/359064  

The difficulty in dealing with cultivated varieties and wild species of Musa within the same taxonomic framework has bedevilled the study of Musa for many years.

Cheesman recognised the difficulty in dealing with cultivated varieties and wild species within the same taxonomic framework. This difficulty is highlighted by the fact that the WCM is inconsistent in its handling of the cultivated bananas. Some binomials given to triploid cultivars derived purely from Musa acuminata such as Musa cavendishii are reduced to synonyms of Musa nana, which is then accepted as a name. On the other hand, taxa such as Musa cavendishii var. pumila are reduced under Musa paradisiaca. Other binomials given to diploid cultivars that also derive purely from M. acuminata such as Musa sapientum var. inarnibal and Musa sapientum var. lacatan are reduced under Musa paradisiaca. The solution to this "problem" is quite simple. Use Linnean nomenclature for true species and use Simmonds and Shepherd’s genome nomenclature system for the cultivated bananas.

During the history of banana taxonomy a very large number of cultivated, edible bananas have been given Linnean names.  Using the name Musa paradisiaca, not as Linnaeus intended, but as an umbrella name for all (well, not quite all) edible cultivated bananas brings a large number of names into "synonymy".  These "synonyms" of Musa paradisiaca are listed here.

Synonyms from G.E. Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinenese Auctuarium, (1755).

The original Herbarium Amboinense was pre-Linnean but the 1755 edition is post-Linnean and thus formally eligible for inclusion in synonymy.

Musa uranoscopos L., Herb. Amboin. Auctuar.: 20 (1755).

Synonyms from C. Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1759

Musa sapientum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 1303 (1759).

Synonyms from J. Loureiro, Flora Cochincinensis, 1759

Musa corniculata Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 644 (1790).
Musa odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 644 (1790).

Synonyms from C. Moench, Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis :a staminum situ describendi. Marburgi Cattorum : in officina nova libraria academiae. 2 (1794).

Musa mensaria Moench, Methodus: 647 (1794).

Synonyms from L. A. Colla, Memoria della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 25 : 384 (1820). [Memoria sul genera Musa e monografia del Medesimo 56 (1820).]

Musa berteroi Colla, Mem. Gen. Musa: 57 (1820).

Synonyms from G. (G. G.) S. Perrottet, Mem. Soc. Linn. Par. 3: 130 (1825).

Musa chapara Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 131 (1825).
Musa humilis Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 131 (1825).
Musa nigra Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 131 (1825).

Synonyms from Blanco, M. Flora de Filipinas. Convento de san Agustin, Intramuros, Manila. (1837).

Musa paradisiaca var. compressa Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 240 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. ternatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 243 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. lacatan Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 243 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. pumila Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 244 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. suaveolens Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 244 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. magna Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 244 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. violacea Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 245 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. subrubea Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 245 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. glaberrima Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 245 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. maxima Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 245 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. longa Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 245 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. tombak Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 246 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. ulnaris Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 246 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. glauca Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 250 (1837).
Musa paradisiaca var. cinerea Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 250 (1837).

Synonyms from F. A. W. Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 589 (1855).

Musa alphurica Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 589 (1859).

Synonyms from E. (D. E.) Vieillard, Ann. Sc. Nat.: 46 (1861).

Musa oleracea Vieill., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., IV, 16: 46 (1861).

Synonyms from P. F. Horaninow, Prodr. Monogr. Scitam.: 41 (1862).

Musa dacca Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam.: 41 (1862).

Synonyms from Rodigas, J. Gén. Hort. 15: 25 (1862).

Musa vittata W. Ackerman ex Rodigas, J. Gén. Hort. 15: 25 (1862).

Synonyms from Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 89: t. 5402 (1863).

Musa sapientum var. vittata (W. Ackerman ex Rodigas) Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 89: t. 5402 (1863).

Synonyms from Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 692 (1891).

Musa paradisiaca subsp. normalis Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 692 (1891), nom. inval. http://www.botanicus.org/page/4114
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 692 (1891).

Synonyms from J. G. Baker. A synopsis of the genera and species of Museae. Annals of Botany (Oxford) 7: 189 - 222. (1893).

Ignoring the priority established by Linnaeus, Baker established a clear taxonomic hierarchy under Musa sapientum creating four subspecies, sapientum, paradisiaca, seminifera and troglodytarum. However, he did not write down " Subsp. 1. M. sapientum" and so he effectively established these as varieties of Musa sapientum when what he clearly meant to do was to establish them as varieties of Musa sapientum subsp. sapientum.

Musa sapientum var. violacea (Hort.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 212 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. sanguinea Welw. ex Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 212 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. odorata (Lour.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 212 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. mensaria (Moench) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 212 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. regia Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 212 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. oleracea (Vieill.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 212 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. champa (Hort.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 213 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. martabanica (Hort.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 213 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. dacca (Horan.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 213 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. rubra Firminger, non Wallich ex Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 213 (1893).
Musa sapientum var. vittata (W. Ackerman) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 213 (1893).
Musa sapientum subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Baker, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 213 (1893).

Synonyms from K. M. Schumann, Musaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich. 45. Scitamineae. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. (1900).

In his admittedly deeply flawed treatment of the Musaceae in Engler’s Das Planzenreich, Schumann established a clear taxonomic hierarchy under Musa paradisiaca based on Baker (1893) but reasserting the priority of Musa paradisiaca over Musa sapientum. Schumann treated all these as varieties of Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum. However, the WCM lists all these as if Schumann had established varieties of Musa paradisiaca; this is not what Schumann writes or intends. The reason for this is that the WCM disestablishes Schuman’s hierarchy by rejecting or reducing the other three subspecies Schuman had established viz. normalis, seminifera and troglodytarum. In this situation the remaining subspecies, sapientum, cannot exist in isolation and so simply vanishes into taxonomic oblivion.

I list the varieties here as Schumann intended…

Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. odorata (Lour.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. mensaria (Moench) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. regia (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. champa (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. martabanica (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. dacca (Horan.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. rubra (Firminger ex Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. oleracea (Vieill.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. violacea (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 21 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. sanguinea (Welw. ex Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 21 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum var. vittata (W. Ackerman ex Rodigas) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 21 (1900).

…and this is how the WCM lists them…

Musa paradisiaca var. odorata (Lour.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. mensaria (Moench) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. regia (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. champa (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. martabanica (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. dacca (Horan.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. rubra (Firminger ex Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. oleracea (Vieill.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 20 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. violacea (Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 21 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. sanguinea (Welw. ex Baker) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 21 (1900).
Musa paradisiaca var. vittata (W. Ackerman ex Rodigas) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. (Engler), IV, 45: 21 (1900).

Synonyms from N. Teodoro. A preliminary study of Philippine banana. The Philippine Journal of Science (serie C) 10: 379 - 418. (1915).

Musa cavendishii var. pumila (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 412 (1915).
Musa cavendishii var. hawaiiensis N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 410 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. compressa (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 408 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. ternatensis (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 404 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. lacatan (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 405 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. suaveolens (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 400 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. violacea (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 398 (1915), nom. Illeg.
Musa sapientum var. glaberrima (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 399 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. longa (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 407 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. tombak (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 407 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. glauca (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 402 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. cinerea (Blanco) N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 397 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. cubensis N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 397 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. americana N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 398 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. binutig N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 401 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. garangao N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 401 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. tudlong N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 402 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. daryao N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 403 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. canara N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 406 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. inarnibal N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 406 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. tuldoc N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 407 (1915).
Musa sapientum var. grandis N. G. Teodoro, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 410 (1915).

Synonyms from E. A. Quisumbing. Studies of Philippine bananas. Philippines Agricultural review 12: 9 – 90. (1919).

Musa paradisiaca var. enosa Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa paradisiaca var. tiparot Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. gladiata Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. oanga Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. klum Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. misi Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. dool Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 35 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. sision Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 35 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. putian Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 36 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. eda Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 37 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. saloor Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. sarocsoc Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 39 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. galatayan Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 40 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. chuntara Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. pelipia Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 42 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. pop Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. canaya Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 44 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. sicsec Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. maori Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. languma Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. radja Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. pamotion Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 49 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. principe Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 50 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. baca Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 51 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. nam Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. yanaikonban Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. rachidis Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. dinalaga Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 55 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. raines Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 55 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. cochinchinensis Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. kinamay Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 57 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. angao Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 58 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. katali Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. khai Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. krie Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. yan Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. padilat Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 63 (1919).
Musa sapientum var. hazara Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. maduranga Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): xx (1919).
Musa sapientum var. flabellata Quisumb., Philipp. Agric. Rev. 12(3): 66 (1919).

Synonyms from K. Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2: 510 (1922).

Musa chiliocarpa Backer ex K. Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2: 510 (1922).

Synonyms from E. D. Merrill. Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 1(2): 224 (1922).

Musa sapientum var. humilis (Perr.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 1(2): 224 (1922).
Musa sapientum var. pumila (Blanco) Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 1(2): 225 (1922).

Synonyms from T. Nakai, Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum. No. 22: 5 - 21. (1948).

Musa consociata Nakai, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 22: 16 (1948).
Musa megalocarpa Nakai, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 22: 11 (1948).
Musa minor Nakai, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 22: 11 (1948).
Musa mirabilis Nakai, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 22: 11 (1948).
Musa prematura Nakai, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 22: 16 (1948).

Synonyms from K. C. Jacob, Monogr. Madras Bananas, 10 in obs., 11 (1952)

Musa sapidisiaca K. C. Jacob, Monogr. Madras Bananas: 11 (1952).

Synonyms from M. Hotta, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 21: 4 (1964).

Musa acutibracteata M. Hotta, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 21: 4 (1964).

 

 

Also:

Karkandela × malabarica Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 106 (1838).

 

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last updated 09/01/2008