Characterised by a distinct lowered mood swing, lack of motivation and a loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all activities. The onset of this disorder is very common in adolescence. Children will show signs of fatiguability and reduced energy that is not physically appropriate for their developmental age. The worse and most dangerous symptoms (such as suicidal tendencies) normally only occur after an extended period of depression. Even after diagnosis, treatment can last years, especially if there is no apparently (and removable) tangible physical reason for the disorder ( i.e. physical or sexual abuse).

As evidence of the child’s persistent depressed state, at least 4 of the following behaviours should be consistently be observed over a period of not less than 2 weeks to 4 months, dependent on the severity of the symptoms:

1. child seems always tired and shows diminished activity.
2. child looses interest or ability to enjoy themselves.
3. child suffers from reduced concentration and attention.
4. child suffers from reduced self-esteem/self-confidence.
5. child has feelings of guilt and unworthiness.
6. child develops a bleak and pessimistic view of the future.
7. child displays ideas or acts of self-harm/suicide.
8. child suffers from disturbed sleep patterns.
9. child has diminished appetite.

“Depressive Disorder in Childhood and Adolescents”, R. Harrington (1995), London,

“Childhood Behavioural Disorders and Emotional Disturbance: An Introduction to”, S.J. Apter & J.C. Conoley (1994), London, Prentice-Hall.

“Chosen with Care?: Responses to Disturbing and Disruptive Behaviour”, G. Lloyd (1992), Edinburgh, May House Publications.