As with Conduct Disorder the main features observed are persistent disobedience and opposition to authority figures (such as parents, teachers or other adults). However the basic rights of others are still respected and age appropriate societal rules and behaviour are not violated. Characterised by negative, hostile and defiant behaviour, generally strongest in the home. Before puberty the disorder is more frequently found in males than females, after puberty the ratio equals out.

Outward behaviour includes irritability, temper outbursts, frustration and intolerance. The child’s self-esteem is usually low (although child may project an image of “toughness”). Additional symptoms of anxiety and depression are also common.

Only to be considered Oppositional Defiant Disorder if at least 5 of the following behaviours occurred over a period of at least 6 months, in home or school. Must occur considerably more frequently than is normal for a person of the same developmental age:

1. child often loses temper.
2. child often argues with adults.
3. child often actively defies or refuses adult requests or rules (e.g. refuses to complete work).
4. child often deliberately does things intended to annoy others (e.g. flicks stationary at staff or pupils).
5. child often blames others for child’s own mistakes.
6. child is often touch or easily annoyed by others.
7. child often angry and resentful.
8. child is often spiteful or vindictive.
9. child often swears or uses obscene language.

“Childhood Behavioural Disorders and Emotional Disturbance: An Introduction to”, S.J. Apter & J.C. Conoley (1994), London, Prentice-Hall.

“Conduct Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence: A Social Learning Perspective” M. Herbert (1987) 2nd edition, Chichester, Wiley.

“Disruptive Behaviour Disorders in Children”, D. K. Routh (1994), London, Plenum Press.

“Disruptive Behaviour Disorders in Children: Treatment Focused Assessment”, M.J. Breen & T.S. Altepter (1990). USA, Guilford Press.

“The Impossible Child”, D.A. Lane (1990), Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books.