References.

Adams, J. (1995.) Risk, UCL Press Ltd, London.

Ahola, A. et al. (1975.) "Sevitys Valintamyymalan Kessas Tyoymparistosta", (Working Conditions at the Check-Out Counter of a Supermarket), Tyosuojeluhallitus Tampere, (Finland) in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, London International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT).

Anon (undated) BUMP Research Methods: Surveys (1) in: Research Methods - Workshops Vol. 1 &2, Leeds Metropolitan University

Anon (1993.) EC Directive Is A Prelude To Self-Serve Checkouts, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Annual 1993, Vol. 21, No.8, pp III.

Anon (1979.) Article Numbering: a hint for the UK, Packaging News, March, pp. 16-17 in Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M. (1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at Laser-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-1266.

Aoyama, H., Ohara, H., Oze, Y. and Itani, T. (1979.) Recent Trends in Research on Occupational Cerviobrachial Disorder, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol.8, pp.39-45.

Armstrong, P. (1997.) Sunday Shopping - Half of Britons Are Doing It, Says Survey, NOP Research Group, Internet Article: http://maires.co.uk/surveys/publicopinion/po10.htm Published: 27th March 1997.

Barnhart, S. and Rosenstock, L. (1987.) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Grocery Checkers: a cluster of work related illnesses, Western Journal of Medicine, Vol.147, July, pp37-40

Baron, S.L., Habes, D. (1992.) Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Supermarket Cashiers, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Vol.18, Supplement No.2, pp.127-129 ISSN 0355-3140

Bjelle, A., Hagberg, M., and Michaelson, G. (1981.) Occupational and Industrial Factors in Acute Shoulder-neck Disorders among Industrial Workers, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.38, pp.356-363.

Bradburn, N.M., and Miles, C. (1979) "Vague Quantifiers", Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 1 pp 92-101

British Retail Consortium, (1996.) Retailing on the Internet, Retail World, British Retail Consortium, August 1996, pp.11 & 12

British Retail Consortium, (1997.) British Retail Consortium 1997 Annual Review, KPMG.

Buckle, P.W., Stubbs, D.A., and Baty, D. (1986.) Musculoskeletal Disorders (and discomfort) and Associated Work Factors, Ergonomic of Working Postures: Models & Methods, Taylor & Francis, London.

Burton, A.K., Symonds, T.L., Zinzen, E., Tillotson, K.M, Caboor, D., Van Roy, P., and Clarys, J.P. (1997.) Is Ergonomic Intervention Alone Sufficient To Limit Musculoskeletal Problems In Nurses, Occupational Medicine, Vol. 47, pp. 25-32.

Busch, Dr. G.K. (1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Carlsöö, S. (1967.) Studies in Anatomical Movement, Stockholm, Stencil in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Carrasco, C., Coleman, N., and Healey, S. (1995.) Packing Products for Customers: An Ergonomics Evaluation of Three Supermarket Checkouts, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.26, No.2, pp.101-108 Butterworth Heinemann, Elsevier Science Ltd.

Cheng, C.K., and Cheng, J.K. (1996.) The side scanner for supermarket - a new design standard. Laser Processing of Materials and Industrial Applications Proceedings - SPIE. The International Society for Optical Engineering. Issue 2888, pp.414-418

City of Edinburgh District Council, (1988.) Environmental Health Sub-Committee, Sample Survey of Conditions at Supermarket Checkout Workstations, Report No. R378, Edinburgh Director of Environmental Health (R.A.Carson), Edinburgh District Council. (Main Author MacArthur I.D.)

Coe, J. (1988.) Hand/Wrist Pain and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.30, No.7, pp 537 & 540 (review of: Margolis & Kraus,(1987) Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.29 No.12, pp953-956)

Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (2nd edition) Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum NJ

Corlett, E.N., and Bishop, R.P. (1976.) A Technique for Assessing Postural Discomfort, Ergonomics, Vol.19, No.2, pp.172-182

Cox, S.J., and Tait, N.R.S. (1991.) Reliability, Safety & Risk Management - an integrated approach, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

Czaja, R., and Blair, J. (1996.) Designing Surveys: A Guide to Decisions and Procedures, Pine Forge Press, California. ISBN 0-8039-9056-1

Dickinson, C.E. (1989.) Summary of Reports made at HSE Workshop: 4th July 1988 held at University of Surrey, Guildford. in Supermarket Cashiers: Inventory of Literature, Claire Dickinson, Unpublished Draft 16th March 1989, supplied by USDAW.

Dyck, P. (1982.) Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System, in Wyngaarden, J., Smith, L. (eds): Textbook of Medicine, W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia.

Ekberg, K., and Bjorkqvist, B. (1994.) Caste-Control Study Of Risk Factors For Disease In The Neck and Shoulder Area, Occupational Environmental Medicine, Vol. 51, pp. 262-266.

Forrester, K., Thorne, C. and Winterton, J. (1984.) Workers’ Investigations Into The Working Environment, Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 15, Winter, pp.28-37.

Grant, K.A., Habes, D.J., Baron, S.L., Sweeney, M.H., Piacitelli, L.A., Putz-Anderson, V., and Fine, J. (1993.) Ergonomic Evaluation of Checkstand Designs in the Retail Food Industry. A report based on expert assessment Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene Vol. 8, No.11, pp.929-936.

Grant, K.A., Habes, D.J., and Baron, S.L. (1994.) An Ergonomic Evaluation of Cashiers Work Activities at Checker-Unload Workstations, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.25, No.5,pp.310-318. ISSN 0003-6870

Garratt, B. (1987.) The Learning Organisation and the Need For Directors Who Think, Gower Publishing Co. Ltd., Hants.

Grey, S.M., Norris, B.J., and Wilson, J.R. (1987.) Ergonomics in the Electronic Retail Environment ICL & Nottingham University, Olwen Press Ltd.

Groves, R.M. (1989.) Survey Errors and Survey Costs, John Wiley, New York

Hagberg, M. (1984.) Occupational Musculoskeletal Stress and Disorders of the Neck and Shoulder, a review of possible pathology, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Vol.53, pp.269-278.

Hale, A.R. (1986.) Subjective Risk From Risks: Concepts and Measures, in: Singleton, W.T., and Harden, J.J. (eds) John Wiley Chichester.

Harber, P., Peña, L.F., Beck, J., Lee, J., and Baker, D. (1992b.) The Ergonomics Challenge of Repetitive Motion With Varying Ergonomic Stresses: Characterising supermarket checking work. Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol. 34, pp. 518-528

Harber, P., Bloswick, D., Luo, J., Beck, J., Greer, D., and Peña, L.F. (1993a.) Work-Related Symptoms and Checkstand Configuration: An Experimental Study, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol.54, No.7, pp.371-375, ISSN 0002-8894

Hari, T. (1976.) The Health Care For Cash Register Operators of Supermarkets, Journal of Science & Labour, Vol.52, No.10, pp.585-597.

Harrison, R. (1972.) How To Describe Your Organisation, Harvard Business Review, September-October.

Henderson, M. (1987.) Living With Risk: A Report From the BMA Professional & Scientific Division, British Medical Association, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Herrin, G.D., (1991.) An Ergonomic Analysis of the ARG II System, University of Michigan Technical Report, Ann Arbor, MI.

Hinnen, U., Läubil, T., Guggenbühl, and U., Krueger, H. (1992.) Design of Check-Out Systems Including Laser Scanners for Sitting Work Posture, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Vol.18, No.3, pp.186-194, ISSN 0003-6870

Hoffman, M.S. (1997.) Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) in the Supermarket Checkout Environment: An Update on Ergonomic Research and Litigation, Human Factors Engineering NCR Corporation Retail Systems Group Atlanta. http://ncr.com/product/retail/presentations/whitepapers/ctd_paper.shtml

Hoffman, M.S., & Cramer, M.L. (1981.) Workstation Design Optimization Through a Simulation Model, Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, pp.374-378.

HSC, (1997.) Local Authorities Report on Health and Safety in the Service Industries Sector 1997 Annex, HSC, London.

HSE, (1988.) The Tolerability of Risk from Nuclear Power Stations, HMSO, London.

HSE, (1989.) HELA Local Authority Technical Circular: A Survey of Supermarket Check-out Operator by HSE: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, LAC Technical (T) Sect. 6, Subject 7, Serial No.2, (Confidential) Local Authority Unit, London. August 1989 (Now Withdrawn)

HSE, (1991.) Seating At Work, HMSO, London.

HSE, (1993.) Musculoskeletal Disorders in Supermarket Cashiers: The Effects of Workplace Design & Practices: A preparatory Draft, Health & Safety Executive, Bootle, Unpublished. (21 pages)

HSE, (1998.) Musculoskeletal Disorders in Supermarket Checkout Workers, (Unpublished)

Ivergard, T.B.K. (1972.) An Ergonomic Study of the Check-out System for Self-service Shops in Sweden, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Human Sciences, University of Loughborough. as in Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M.(1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at laser-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-266.

Johansson, A., Johansson, G., Lundqvist, P., Akselsson, K.R., Hansson, G-Å., Persson, L. and Åkesson, I. (1993.) Ergonomic Evaluation of Two Different Locations of the Scales in a Supermarket Checkout System, in Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety V, Edited by R.Nielsen & K.Jorgensen, (from Annual International Industrial Ergonomics & Safety Conference 8-10 Jun'93, Copenhagen, Denmark) Taylor & Francis, London. pp.667-674, ISSN 0-74-840061-3

Kimura, M., Tamatari, Y., Matsuyama, S., and Kitagawa, J. (1979.) Examination of Supermarket Employees For Occupational Lower Back Pain, II Sumitomo Bull Ind. Health (Japan), Vol.15, pp165-175.

Koskela, A., Kukkonen, R., and Leskinen, M. (1981.) Symptoms and Clinical Findings in the Neck and Shoulder Region of Checkout Cashiers. Proceedings of the Third Soviet - Finnish Conference of the Results of Co-operation of Work Physiology, Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.

Lannersten, L., and Harms-Ringdahl, K. (1990.) Neck and Shoulder Muscle Activity During Work With Different Cash Register Systems, Ergonomics Vol.33, No.1, pp.49-65 Taylor & Francis

Lehman, K.R., and Marras, W.S. (1994.) The effects of human interface design on wrist biomechanics during scanning. Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting. Vol. 1, pp.616-620. Santa Monica, California.

Lord, P.H. (1987.) Back Pain and Other Problems Associated with the work of Supermarket Checkout Assistants, Dissertation submitted for Institution of Environmental Health Officers Diploma in Health & Safety at Work, Unpublished.

Madigan, E.F., and Lehman, K.R. (1996.) Factors Affecting Productivity and Ergonomics of Supermarket Checkers. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting. Vol. 1, pp.419-423

Maeda, K. (1977.) Occupational Cervicobrachial Disorder and its Causative Factors, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol.6, pp.193-202.

Main, J. (1976.) "Etude des Charges de Travail Chez les Cassieres de Libres-Service" (A Study of the Workload of Cashiers at Self-service Stores), Archives des Maladies Profesionelles 37: vol.1-2, pp. 112-121, France in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Margolis, W., and Kraus, J.F. (1987a.) The Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms in Female Supermarket Checkers, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.29, No.12, pp.953-956

Margolis, W., and Kraus, J.F. (1987b.) The Prevalence and Epidemiological Nature of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms in Supermarket Checkers, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Vol.13, No.2, pp.165-166

Marras, W.S., Greenspan, G.J., and Schoenmarklin, R.W. (1991.) Quantification of wrist motions during scanning. The Ohio State University Report. The Ohio State University Biodynamics Department of Industrial and System Engineering. Columbus, Ohio 43210

Marras, W.S., Marklin, R.W., Greenspan, J.J., and Lehman, K.R. (1995.) Quantification of Wrist Motions During Scanning, Human Factors, Vol. 37, No.2, pp. 412-423.

Morgenstern, H., Kelsh, M,. Kraus, J., and Margolis, W. (1991.) A Cross-sectional Study of Hand / Wrist Symptoms in Female Grocery Checkers, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.20, pp.209-218.

Morgenstern, H., Kraus, J., et. al. (1988.) A Cross-sectional Study of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Female Grocery Checkers, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.128, No.4, pp.209-218.

Moser, C.A., and Kalton, G. (1972.) Survey Methods in Social Investigations (2nd edition), Basic Books, New York.

Nagira, T., Suzuki, J., Oze, Y., Ohara, H., and Aoyaria, H. (1981.) Cerviobrachial and Low Back Disorders Among School Lunch Workers and Nursery School Teachers In Comparison With Cash Register Operators, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol.10, pp.117-124.

Nakeseko, M. (1975.) Problems of Reducing Work Loads in Cash Register Operation: A comparison of workloads in usual cash register and electronic cash register operations. Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, Vol.17, pp.168-169.

Nakeseko, S. (1975.) Impaired Health due to Heavy Workload Among Cash Register Operators, Journal of Living and Health Association, Vol.19, No.3, pp 64-71, in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Nishiyama, K., Nakaseko, M. and Hosokawa, M. (1973.) Cash Register Operators’ work and its Hygenical Problems in Supermarkets, Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, Vol.15, pp. 229-243.

Ohara, H., Aoyama, H, and Itani, T. (1976.) Health Hazards Among Cash Register Operators and the Effects of Improved Working Conditions, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol. 5, pp. 31-40 (Japan) in Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Onishi, N., Nomura, H., Sakai, K., and Yamamoto, T. (1974.) An Experimental Study on the Load Imposed Upon The Arm Muscles In Cash Register Operators, Journal of Science & Labour, Vol.50, No.10, pp.681-710.

Orgel, D.L., Milliron, M.J., and Frederick, L.J. (1992.) Musculoskeletal Discomfort in Grocery Express Checkstand Workers, An Ergonomic Intervention Study, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.34, No.8, pp.815-818.

Pidgeon, N., Hood, C., Jones, D., Turner, B., and Gibson, R. (1992.) Risk Perception in: Risk: Analysis, Perception and Management - Report of a Royal Society Study Group, The Royal Society, 1992.

Reynolds, N., Dimantopoulos, A., and Schlegelmilch, B. (1992.) Pre Testing In Questionnaire Design: A review of literature and suggestions for further research. Journal of the Market Research Society, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp.171-181.

Robson, C. (1995.) Real World Research, Blackwell, Oxford.

Rodrigues, C.C. (1989.) A Technical Analysis of the Supermarket Laser Scanning Workstation in: Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety I (Edited by Anil Mital), Taylor & Francis, pp.953-959.

Rodrigues, C.C., and Flynn, J. (1988.) Hands: The Weak Link in Material Handling Productivity, Proceedings of the IEE Integrated Systems Conference, pp.359-363.

Ryan, G.A., Hely, K., O’Brien, G., Young, K and Godfrey, P. (1987.) Musculoskeletal symptoms in supermarket workers. Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (Australia) Report.

Ryan, G.A. (1989.) The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms In Supermarket Workers, Ergonomics, Vol.32, No.4, pp.359-371. Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Sällström, J., and Schmidt, H. (1984.) Cervicobrachial Disorders in Certain Occupations, With Special Reference to Compression in the Thoracic Outlet, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.6, pp.45-52.

Salord, M.C. (1978.) Enqetes Sur Certaines Categories De Personnel De Magasins Populaires, Cahiers de Medicine Interprofessionelle Vol.18, pp.33-46. in Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M.(1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at lase-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-1266.

Schmidt, J.K., Gatschall, G.E., Schipani, S.P., and Kysor, K.P. (1988.) Do those Scanners Really Make Checkers Life Easy? Annual Proceedings of the Human Factors Conference, Santa Monica California, Vol. 1, pp. 710-713.

Schuman, H., and Presser, S. (1981.) Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording & Context, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

Seidel, B. and Schutte, M. (1988.) Development and First Experimental Use Of A Questionnaire For Ascertaining The Strain During Cash-Work With A Till System in: Contemporary Economics 1988, Edited by E.D.Megan, Taylor & Francis, London. pp.438-443

Sluchak, T.J. (1991.) Ergonomic Challenges in Supermarket Front-End Workstations Proceedings of the Human Factors Society: 35th Annual Meeting, Vol. 1&2, Chap.321, pp. 862-6.

Spurgeon, A., Gotschall, G.E., and Harrington, J.M. (1996.) Modifiers of Non-specific Syndromes in Occupational and Environmental Syndromes. Occupational Environmental Medicine, Vol. 53, pp. 361-366.

Stranks, J. (1996.) The Law and Practice of Risk Assessment, Pitman Publishing, London.

Strasser, H., Groß, E., and Keller, E. (1991.) Electromyographic Evaluation of the Physical Load of The Left Hand-Arm-Shoulder System During Simulated Work At Eight Different Cash Register Arrangements. in Karwowski, W., & Yates J.W. (eds) Advances in Industrial Ergonomics & Safety III, Taylor & Francis London . pp 457-463

Stresser, H., and Muller-Limmroth, W. (1981.) Ergonomics for Check-out Points. How Do We Go About This? Design of Checkpoints With The Human Being In Mind, Bayerisches Staatsministeruim fur Arbeit Und Sozialordnung. Munich, in: HSE Translation No: 11676

Sudman, S. and Bradburn, N.M., (1982.) Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

Technology Foresight Panel On Retail & Distribution, (1994.) Technology Foresight, Progress Through Partnership 15, Retail and Distribution, London Office of Science and Technology, HMSO. ISBN 0-11-430129-8

The Royal Society, (1992.) Risk: Analysis, Perception and Management - Report of a Royal Society Study Group, The Royal Society, London.

Thorne, C., and Russell, D. (1987.) On The Till: Workers' Perceptions of Health and Safety in Supermarket Checkout Design, Unpublished, USDAW, Manchester.

Umeda, G. (1974.) Chekka No Kenko Shogai, (Health Hazards Among Cash Register Operators), Rodo No Kagaku, Vol29:11-17, (Japan), in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, London International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT).

Wallersteiner, U. (1981.) Occupational Disorders of Cashier Operators in Supermarkets Human Factors Assoc. of Canada, 14th Annual General Meeting Proceedings pp.79-83.

Waris, P. (1980.) Occupational Cervicobrachial Syndrome, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Vol. 6, Supplement 3, pp.3-14.

Wells, R. (1993.) Job Modification: Check-Out Challenge, OH&S Canada, Vol.9, No.4,pp.62-65, ISSN 0827-4576

Wilson, J.R., and Grey, S.M. (1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at laser-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-1266.

 

 

Bibliography.

Ahola, A. et al. (1975.) "Sevitys Valintamyymalan Kessas Tyoymparistosta", (Working Conditions at the Check-Out Counter of a Supermarket), Tyosuojeluhallitus Tampere, (Finland) in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, London International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT).

Anon (1995.) Redesigned Checkstands Will Help Reduce Cashier Injuries, UFCW Action (Formerly: Retail Clerks Advocate), Vol.17, No.1, pp.23, ISSN 0195-0363

Anon (1993.) EC Directive Is A Prelude To Self-Serve Checkouts, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Annual 1993, Vol. 21, No.8, pp III.

Anon (1979.) Article Numbering: a hint for the UK, Packaging News, March, pp.16-17 in Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M.(1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at Laser-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-1266.

Aoyama, H., Ohara, H., Oze, Y. and Itani, T. (1979.) Recent Trends in Research on Occupational Cerviobrachial Disorder, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol.8, pp.39-45.

Ahlin, J. (1985.) Scandinavian Experiences of Scanning, Proceedings of EPOS '85, The sixth European Congress on Automation in Retailing, London.

Armstrong, T.J., (1986.) Ergonomics and Cumulative Trauma Disorders. Hand Clinics, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 58-70

Armstrong, T.J., Radwin, R.G., Hensen, D.J., and Kennedy, K.W. (1986.) Repetitive Trauma Disorders: Job Evaluation and Design, Human Factors, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 325-336.

Barnhart, S. and Rosenstock, L. (1987.) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Grocery Checkers: a cluster of work related illnesses, Western Journal of Medicine, Vol.147, July, pp37-40

Baron, S.L., and Habes, D. (1992.) Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Supermarket Cashiers, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Vol.18, Supplement No.2, pp.127-129 ISSN 0355-3140

Baron, S., Milliron, M., Habes, D., and Fidler, A. (1991.) Shoprite Supermarkets NIOSH HETA Report 88-344-2092, National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH.

BBC (1995.) Off Your Trolley: Technoshopping - the outlook for shopping in the year 2000, presented by Loyd Grossman, Broadcast 4th October 1995, 8.30pm BBC2.

Bjelle, A., Hagberg, M., and Michaelson, G. (1981.) Occupational and Industrial Factors in Acute Shoulder-neck Disorders among Industrial Workers, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.38, pp.356-363.

Buckle, P.W., Stubbs, D.A., and Baty, D. (1986.) Musculoskeletal Disorders (and discomfort) and Associated Work Factors, Ergonomic of Working Postures: Models & Methods, Taylor & Francis, London.

Burton, A.K., Symonds, T.L., Zinzen, E., Tillotson, K.M, Caboor, D., Van Roy, P., and Clarys, J.P. (1997.) Is Ergonomic Intervention Alone Sufficient to Limit Musculoskeletal Problems of Nurses, Occupational Medicine, Vol. 47, pp. 25-32.

Busch, Dr. G.K. (1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Carlsöö, S. (1967.) Studies in Anatomical Movement, Stockholm, Stencil in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Carrasco, C., Coleman, N., and Healey, S. (1995.) Packing Products for Customers: An Ergonomics Evaluation of Three Supermarket Checkouts, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.26, No.2, pp.101-108 Butterworth Heinemann, Elsevier Science Ltd.

Chartier, P. (1986.) Retail Scanning - Maximising The Options, Retail Automation, January/February 1986 pp. 9-11

Cheng, C.K., and Cheng, J.K. (1996.) The Side Scanner for Supermarkets - A New Design Standard. Laser Processing of Materials and Industrial Applications Proceedings - SPIE. The International Society for Optical Engineering. Issue 2888, pp.414-418

City of Edinburgh District Council, (1988.) Environmental Health Sub-Committee, Sample Survey of Conditions at Supermarket Checkout Workstations, Report No. R378, Edinburgh Director of Environmental Health (R.A.Carson), Edinburgh District Council. (Main Author MacArthur I.D.)

Coe, J. (1988.) Hand/Wrist Pain and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.30, No.7, pp 537 & 540 (review of: Margolis & Kraus,(1987) Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.29 No.12, pp953-956)

Corlett, E.N., and Bishop, R.P., (1976.) A Technique for Assessing Postural Discomfort, Ergonomics, Vol.19, No.2, pp.172-182

Crosskey, P. (1995.) Self-Scanning Tops Their Shopping Lists, Grocer, May 13th, Vol.217, No. 7202, pp. 35.

Das, B., and Sengupta, A.K. (1996.) Industrial Work Station Design: A Systematic Ergonomic Approach, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 157-163.

Dickinson, C.E. (1989.) Summary of Reports made at HSE Workshop: 4th July 1988 held at University of Surrey, Guildford. in Supermarket Cashiers: Inventory of Literature, Claire Dickinson, Unpublished Draft 16th March 1989, supplied by USDAW.

Dyck, P. (1982.) Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System, in Wyngaarden, J., Smith, L. (eds): Textbook of Medicine, W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia.

Ekberg, K., and Bjorkqvist, B. (1994.) Caste-control study of risk factors for disease in the neck and shoulder area, Occupational Environmental Medicine, Vol. 51, pp. 262-266.

Erlichman, J. (1995.) Supermarket Zaps Checkout Queue with Scan Gun, The Guardian, 15th March 1995, Page 10.

Forrester, K., Thorne, C. and Winterton, J. (1984.) Workers’ Investigations Into The Working Environment, Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 15, Winter, pp.28-37.

Grant, K.A., Habes, D.J., Baron, S.L., Sweeney, M.H., Piacitelli, L.A., Putz-Anderson, V., and Fine, J. (1993.) Ergonomic Evaluation of Checkstand Designs in the Retail Food Industry. A report based on expert assessment Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene Vol. 8, No.11, pp.929-936.

Grant, K.A., Habes, D.J., and Baron, S.L., (1994.) An Ergonomic Evaluation of Cashiers Work Activities at Checker-Unload Workstations, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.25, No.5,pp.310-318. ISSN 0003-6870

Grant, K.A., and Habes, D.J. (1995.) An Analysis Of Scanning Postures Among Grocery Cashiers And Its Relationship To Checkstand Design, Ergonomics, Vol. 38, pp.2078-2090

Grey, S.M., Norris, B.J., Wilson, J.R. (1987.) Ergonomics in the Electronic Retail Environment ICL & Nottingham University, Olwen Press Ltd.

Hagberg, M. (1984.) Occupational Musculoskeletal Stress and Disorders of the Neck and Shoulder, A Review Of Possible Pathology, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Vol.53, pp.269-278.

Hallsworth, Dr. A.G. (1991.) E.P.O.S. - and Retail Change, The Introduction of Laser Scanning to a Large Supermarket. Working Paper 4 Service Industries Research Centre, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth.

Harber, P., Peña, L.F., Bland, G., and Beck, J. (1992a.) Upper Extremity Symptoms in Supermarket Workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 22, pp.873-884.

Harber, P., Peña, L.F., Beck, J., Lee, J., and Baker, D. (1992b.) The Ergonomics Challenge of Repetitive Motion With Varying Ergonomic Stresses: Characterising supermarket checking work. Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol. 34, pp.518-528

Harber, P., Bloswick, D., Luo, J., Beck, J., Greer, D., and Peña, L.F. (1993a.) Work-Related Symptoms and Checkstand Configuration: An Experimental Study, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol.54, No.7, pp.371-375, ISSN0002-8894

Harber, P., Bloswick, D., Beck, J., Peña, L.F. Baker, D., and Lee, J. (1993b.) Supermarket Checker Motions and Cumulative Trauma Risk. Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol. 35, pp.805-811.

Hari, T. (1976.) The Health Care For Cash Register Operators of Supermarkets, Journal of Science & Labour, Vol.52, No.10, pp.585-597.

Herrin, G.D., (1991.) An Ergonomic Analysis of the ARG II System, University of Michigan Technical Report, Ann Arbor, MI.

Hinnen, U., Läubil, T., Guggenbühl, U., and Krueger, H. (1992.) Design of Check-Out Systems Including Laser Scanners for Sitting Work Posture, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Vol.18, No.3, pp.186-194, ISSN 0003-6870

Hoffman, M.S. (1982.) An empirical investigation of ergonomics in the international retail workstations, Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, pp. 44-48.

Hoffman, M.S. (1986.) Modular vs. integrated point-of-sale (POS) terminal design: a productivity analysis. Annual Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, pp.911-915.

Hoffman, M.S. (1988a.) Review of Checkstand Design, Ergonomics, Litigation and Trends For The Future. Seminar Notes, HFC 88-2, Feb., 1988.

Hoffman, M.S. (1988b.) NCR 7824 Scanner/Scale: An Ergonomic Solution For The Retail Checkout Environment, Annual Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, Vol.1, pp.714-718.

Hoffman, M.S. (1991.) Challenges of Providing Ergonomic Solutions for Users in Retail Scanning Environments, in: Karwowski, W & Yates J.W., (editors) Advances in Industrial Ergonomics & Safety III., Taylor and Francis, London, pp.587-594.

Hoffman, M.S. (1996.) Impact of Scanning Technology and Package Design on the Ergonomics of Scanning at the Checkout, Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting, Vols. 1& 2, Ch. 241, pp. 429-433.

Hoffman, M.S. (1997.) Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) in the Supermarket Checkout Environment: An Update on Ergonomic Research and Litigation, Human Factors Engineering NCR Corporation Retail Systems Group Atlanta. http://ncr.com/product/retail/presentations/whitepapers/ctd_paper.shtml

Hoffman, M.S., and Cramer, M.L. (1981.) Workstation Design Optimization Through a Simulation Model, Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, pp.374-378.

HSE, (1990.) Musculoskeletal Disorders in Supermarket Cashiers: The Effects of Workplace Design & Practices: A report of three pilot studies, Active Research Report, Health & Safety Executive, Bootle, February 1990. Unpublished. (63 pages)

HSE, (1993.) Musculoskeletal Disorders in Supermarket Cashiers: The Effects of Workplace Design & Practices: A preparatory Draft, Health & Safety Executive, Bootle, Unpublished. (21 pages)

IBM. (1981.) Checkstand design for the scanning Environment. IBM Report No. GG24-1551-0.

Ivergard, T.B.K., (1972.) An Ergonomic Study of the Check-out System for Self-service Shops in Sweden, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Human Sciences, University of Loughborough. as in Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M.(1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at laser-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-266.

Johansson, A., Johansson, G., Lundqvist, P., Akselsson, K.R., Hansson, G-Å., Persson, L. and Åkesson, I. (1993.) Ergonomic Evaluation of Two Different Locations of the Scales in a Supermarket Checkout System, in Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety V, Edited by R.Nielsen & K.Jorgensen, (from Annual International Industrial Ergonomics & Safety Conference 8-10 Jun'93, Copenhagen, Denmark) Taylor & Francis, London. pp.667-674, ISSN0-74-840061-3

Keyserling, W.M. (1986.) Postural Analysis Of The Trunk and Shoulders In Simulated Real Time, Ergonomics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 569-583.

Keyserling, W.M., & Witting S.J. (1988.) An Analysis of Expert's Ratings of Ergonomic Stress, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.2, No.4, pp.291-304

Kilbom, Å., and Persson, J., (1987.) Work Techniques and its Consequences For Musculoskeletal Disorders. Ergonomics, Vol. 30, pp. 273-279.

Kimura, M., Tamatari, Y., Matsuyama, S., and Kitagawa, J. (1979.) Examination of Supermarket Employees For Occupational Lower Back Pain, II Sumitomo Bull Ind. Health (Japan), Vol.15, pp165-175.

Koskela, A., Kukkonen, R., and Leskinen, M. (1981.) Symptoms and Clinical Findings In The Neck and Shoulder Region of Checkout Cashiers. Proceedings of the Third Soviet - Finnish Conference of the Results of Co-operation of Work Physiology, Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.

Lannersten, L., Harms-Ringdahl, K. (1990.) Neck and Shoulder Muscle Activity During Work With Different Cash Register Systems, Ergonomics Vol.33, No.1, pp.49-65 Taylor & Francis

Lehman, K.R., and Marras, W.S. (1994.) The Effects of Human Interface Design On Wrist Biomechanics During Scanning. Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting. Vol. 1, pp.616-620. Santa Monica, California.

Madigan, E.F., and Lehman, K.R. (1996.) Factors Affecting Productivity and Ergonomics Of Supermarket Checkers. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting. Vol. 1, pp.419-423

Maeda, K. (1977.) Occupational Cervicobrachial Disorder and its Causative Factors, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol.6, pp.193-202.

Main, J. (1976.) "Etude des Charges de Travail Chez les Cassieres de Libres-Service" (A Study of the Workload of Cashiers at Self-service Stores), Archives des Maladies Profesionelles 37: vol.1-2, pp. 112-121, France in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Margolis, W., and Kraus, J.F. (1987a.) The Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms in Female Supermarket Checkers, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.29, No.12, pp.953-956

Margolis, W., and Kraus, J.F. (1987b.) The Prevalence and Epidemiological Nature of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms in Supermarket Checkers, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Vol.13, No.2, pp.165-166

Marras, W.S., Greenspan, G.J., and Schoenmarklin, R.W. (1991.) Quantification of Wrist Motions During Scanning. The Ohio State University Report. The Ohio State University Biodynamics Department of Industrial and System Engineering. Columbus, Ohio 43210

Marras, W.S., Marklin, R.W., Greenspan, J.J., and Lehman, K.R. (1995.) Quantification of Wrist Motions During Scanning, Human Factors, Vol. 37, No.2, pp. 412-423.

Morgenstern, H., Kelsh, M,. Kraus, J., and Margolis, W. (1991.) A Cross-sectional Study of Hand / Wrist Symptoms in Female Grocery Checkers, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.20, pp.209-218.

Morgenstern, H., Kraus, J., et al (1988.) A Cross-sectional Study of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Female Grocery Checkers, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.128, No.4, pp.209-218.

Nagira, T., Suzuki, J., Oze, Y., Ohara, H., and Aoyaria, H. (1981.) Cerviobrachial and Low Back Disorders Among School Lunch Workers and Nursery School Teachers In Comparison With Cash Register Operators, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol.10, pp.117-124.

Nakeseko, M. (1975.) Problems Of Reducing Work Loads In Cash Register Operation: A Comparison of Workloads in Usual Cash Register and Electronic Cash Register Operations. Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, Vol.17, pp.168-169.

Nakeseko, S. (1975.) Impaired Health Due To Heavy Workload Among Cash Register Operators, Journal of Living and Health Association, Vol.19, No.3, pp 64-71, in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Nishiyama, K., Nakaseko, M. and Hosokawa, M. (1973.) Cash Register Operators’ work and its hygenical problems in supermarkets, Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, Vol.15, pp. 229-243.

Ohara, H., Aoyama, H, and Itani, T. (1976.) Health Hazards Among Cash Register Operators and the Effects of Improved Working Conditions, Journal of Human Ergology, Vol. 5, pp. 31-40 (Japan) in Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT) Geneva.

Ohara, M., Mimura, K., Oze, Y., Itani, T., Ohta, T., and Aoyama, H. (1982.) Studies of Cerviobrachial Disorders Amongst Cash Register Operators - Part 1. Changes of characteristics of patients after improving working conditions. Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, Vol. 25 pp.55-74

Onishi, N., Nomura, H., Sakai, K., and Yamamoto, T. (1974.) An Experimental Study on the Load Imposed Upon The Arm Muscles In Cash Register Operators, Journal of Science & Labour, Vol.50, No.10, pp.681-710.

Orgel, D.L., Milliron, M.J., Frederick, L.J., Baron, S., and Habes, D. (1991.) Ergonomic Assessment of Supermarket Cashiers. Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 6, pp.14-16.

Orgel, D.L., Milliron, M.J., and Frederick, L.J. (1992.) Musculoskeletal Discomfort in Grocery Express Checkstand Workers, An Ergonomic Intervention Study, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol.34, No.8, pp.815-818.

Osorio, A.M., Ames, R.G., Jones, J., Castorina, J., Rempel, D., Estrin, W., and Thompson, D. (1994.) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Grocery Store Workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Vol. 25 pp.229-245.

Porter, J.M., Almeida, M.T., Freer, M.T., and Case, K. (1991.) The Design of Supermarket Workstations To Reduce The Incidence Of Musculoskeletal Discomfort : in Queinnec, Y., & Daniellou, F. (eds) Designing for Everybody, Taylor & Francis, London

Rodrigues, C.C. (1989.) A Technical Analysis of the Supermarket Laser Scanning Workstation in: Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety I (Edited by Anil Mital), Taylor & Francis, pp.953-959.

Rodrigues, C.C., and Flynn, J. (1988.) Hands: The Weak Link in Material Handling Productivity, Proceedings of the IEE Integrated Systems Conference, pp.359-363.

Russell, D.W. (1988.) Supermarket Checkout Operations and Musculoskeletal Disorders Notes for presentation to HSE Workshop, Robens Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford. 4th June 1988. USDAW Legal Services, Manchester.

Ryan, G.A., Hely, K., O’Brien, G., Young, K and Godfrey, P. (1987.) Musculoskeletal symptoms in supermarket workers. Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (Australia) Report.

Ryan, G.A. (1989.) The Prevalence of musculoskeletal Symptoms In Supermarket Workers, Ergonomics, Vol.32, No.4, pp.359-371. Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Sällström, J., and Schmidt, H. (1984.) Cervicobrachial Disorders in Certain Occupations, With Special Reference To Compression In The Thoracic Outlet, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.6, pp.45-52.

Salord, M.C., (1978.) Enqetes sur certaines categories de personnel de magasins populaires, Cahiers de Medicine Interprofessionelle Vol.18, pp.33-46. in Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M.(1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at lase-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-1266.

Schmidt, J.K., Gatschall, G.E., Schipani, S.P., and Kysor, K.P. (1988.) Do Those Scanners Really Make Checkers Life Easy? Annual Proceedings of the Human Factors Conference, Santa Monica California, Vol. 1, pp. 710-713.

Seidel, B. and Schutte, M. (1988.) Development and First Experimental Use Of A Questionnaire For Ascertaining The Strain During Cash-Work With A Till System in: Contemporary Economics 1988, Edited by E.D.Megan, Taylor & Francis, London. pp.438-443

Slappendel, C. (1992.) An Ergonomic Evaluation of Scanner Checkouts In Supermarkets, Journal of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol.8, pp.331-334.

Sluchak, T.J. (1991.) Ergonomic Challenges in Supermarket Front-End Workstations Proceedings of the Human Factors Society: 35th Annual Meeting, Vol. 1&2, Chap.321, pp. 862-6.

Soloway, S. (1985.) The Step Towards 100% Scanning and the Benefits Achieved, Proceedings of EPOS '85, The sixth European Congress on Automation in Retailing, London.

Spurgeon, A., Gotschall, G.E., and Harrington, J.M. (1996.) Modifiers Of Non-specific Syndromes in Occupational and Environmental Syndromes. Occupational Environmental Medicine, Vol. 53, pp. 361-366.

Stoffman, L.D., and Sterling T.D. (1983.) An Occupational Health Survey of Clerks and Cashiers in the British Columbia Retail Food Industry, United Food & Commercial Workers Union, Vancouver B.C., Canada.

Strasser, H. (1990.) Evaluation Of A Supermarket Twin Checkout Involving Forward And Backward Operation, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 21, pp7-14.

Strasser, H., Groß, E., and Keller, E. (1991.) Electromyographic Evaluation Of The Physical Load Of The Left Hand-Arm-Shoulder System During Simulated Work At Eight Different Cash Register Arrangements: in Karwowski, W., & Yates J.W. (eds) Advances in Industrial Ergonomics & Safety III, Taylor & Francis London . pp 457-463

Stresser, H., and Muller-Limmroth, W. (1981.) Ergonomics for Check-out Points. How Do We Go About This? Design of Checkpoints With The Human Being In Mind, Bayerisches Staatsministeruim fur Arbeit Und Sozialordnung. Munich, in: HSE Translation No: 11676

Technology Foresight Panel On Retail & Distribution (1994.) Technology Foresight, Progress Through Partnership 15, Retail and Distribution, London Office of Science and Technology, HMSO. ISBN 0-11-430129-8

Thayer, W. (1989.) Everything You Should Know About Checkstands, Progressive Grocer, No. 68, pp. 18.

Thorne, C., Russell, D. (1987.) On The Till: Workers' Perceptions of Health and Safety in Supermarket Checkout Design, Unpublished, USDAW, Manchester.

Toye, J., Spilsbury, M., Davies, C., (1993.) Training In The Retail Trade In The United Kingdom, Berlin CEDEFOP European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Jean Monnet House, Bundesallee 22 FORCE (Formation Continue En Europe) United Kingdom Report, ISBN 92-826-7320-0

Umeda, G. (1974) Chekka No Kenko Shogai, (Health Hazards Among Cash Register Operators), Rodo No Kagaku, Vol29:11-17, (Japan), in: Busch, Dr. G.K.(1978.) Ergonomic Problems With Cash-Register Operators in Supermarkets and Self-service Stores, London International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees (FEIT).

Wallersteiner, U. (1981.) Occupational Disorders of Cashier Operators in Supermarkets Human Factors Assoc. of Canada, 14th Annual General Meeting Proceedings pp.79-83.

Waris, P. (1980.) Occupational Cervicobrachial Syndrome, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Vol. 6, Supplement 3, pp.3-14.

Wells, R. (1993.) Job Modification: Check-Out Challenge, OH&S Canada, Vol.9, No.4,pp.62-65, ISSN 0827-4576

Wilson, J.R., Grey, S.M. (1984.) Reach Requirements and Job Attitudes at laser-Scanner Checkout Systems, Ergonomics, Vol.27, No.12, pp.1247-1266.

BACK: Chapter Six

Home

E-Mail Me

FORWARD: Appendix One