Britain in 2300AD

 

Canon to the right of them, Canon to the left…

 

Introduction

 

This article intends to examine the place of Britain in 2300AD, specifically in its representation in canon and the interpretation of canon. Britain was perhaps one of the least well described of the major nations in canon and this article refers specifically to canon and not fan work available on the web, or to the forthcoming 2320AD.

 

Index

 

The Nature of 2300AD Canon

Britain in Canon

Uncontroversial Characteristics

Controversial Characteristics

Conclusion

Appendix 1: Design Notes
Appendix 2: A Pentapod’s View of Britain

 

The Nature of 2300AD Canon

 

canon (WRITINGS)  
noun [C usually singular] SPECIALIZED
all the writings or other works known to be by a particular person:
the Shakespearean canon

 

Cambridge Dictionaries Online

 

Traveller:2300 and 2300AD canon is often seen as a single body of work which is self reinforcing and internally constant. This is, however, patently untrue. 2300AD canon was written over the course of several years by numerous different authors, many of whom had differing conceptions of what 2300AD should be.

 

For example in the original Traveller:2300 boxed set it was clear that France was the primus inter pares power of the setting[1]. This was an unusual and interesting departure for an RPG set in an era with recognisable nations; however this was not particularly beneficial for GDW’s sales figures in their main North American market place. Consequently the role of America became increasingly important in subsequent publications; a US Marine was featured on the front of the 2300AD boxed set, US Marines were the stars of Mission Arcturus and ultimately US Marines liberated an entire German colony virtually single handed in Operation: Overlord.

 

In a wider context 2300AD writings are not always consistent with each other and indeed are contradictory in places. Indeed most of the later works were written by people who had no involvement with the initial development of 2300AD. Some later articles in a variety of magazines were anointed by GDW as ‘officially approved’ for 2300AD, however these are often far from consistent with the original 2300AD concepts and are little more authoritive than the fan websites that would develop afterwards.  

 

As a result the reader must make their own mind up which part of canon will take precedent in their interpretation of canon.

 

Britain in Canon

 

As has already been stated Britain is relatively poorly described by canon, in that it not often mentioned. This section aims to examine Britain’s place in written canon, in chronological context, without especial commentary except to point out contradictions and reasonable assumptions that could be drawn.  

 

Traveller:2300 Boxed Set, 1986

 

- Argentine-British Rivalry[2]. A ‘long term friction’ with ‘governments… more often than not… at odds’ dating from the Falklands conflict, an Antarctic showdown, the Alpha Centauri War and British denunciation of the Inca Republic.

 

- Bonds of ESA[3]. A ‘tradition of cooperation’ and ‘bond of friendship’ between Britain and the other ESA nations: France, Bavaria (now Germany) and Azania.

 

- Wellon[4]. The former British colony on Tirane was granted home rule in 2241 and independence in 2277, but remains a member of the British Commonwealth.

 

- The Royal Society[5]. Notes that Britain took longer than most nations to get back on its feet. It then goes on to say that Britain gained great wealth from its holdings on Alpha Centauri which caused a British renaissance which has lasted for a century. This section notes Britain has a large upper-middle and middle class, which have regained much national pride as wealth has come in from the ‘new Commonwealth’. It states that 2300 Britain is in an age ‘reminiscent of the nineteenth century’ and that once again Britannia ruled the waves ‘gravity waves… but waves none the less.’

 

- Foundation for Practical Knowledge[6]. This notes the links between the FPK, founded in the British Alpha Centauri colonies, and the Royal Society. The FPK is credited with being behind the peaceful succession of Wellon.

 

- Nations and Colonies of Earth[7]. Notes Britain as one of the European nations of Earth with English as its main language. Britain is listed with four colonies, one outpost and with an ex-British colony on Tirane.

 

- The Game[8]. Notes that the background of 2300 was developed by a process of wargaming and that Britain was played by Timothy B. Brown who also played Manchuria and Algeria.

 

- The York Class Colonisation Vessel[9]. Describes a ship design from the 2220s that was built at Wellington Orbital Station. The concept of the ship was to aid the colonisation of Henry’s Star and 61 Ursae Majoris. The Yorks are said to be behind the revitalisation of the British colonisation effort in the mid 2200s. Britain is then said to be the first nation with half its loyal population living off-world by 2298. The Yorks have been sold on with five owned by Argentina amongst others.

 

Assumptions

 

The obvious assumptions to be made from this work is that 2300AD Britain is a relatively powerful and wealthy nation still involved in expansion with its economy reliant on its off world holdings. One colony has gained independence but retains friendly relations with Britain. Internationally Britain has close links with the ESA nations but is not friendly with Argentina.

 

Contradictions

 

The only major contradiction is raised by the York write-up with some being sold to Argentina, not one of Britain’s allies. Also the statement that Britain is the first to have half its loyal population living off-world in 2298 ignores that France and Germany also fulfil this criteria.

 

Ships of the French Arm, 1987

 

- Wellington Class Fighter[10]. States that the British haven’t been involved in a space conflict since the Alpha Centauri War in the shadow of their French Allies and that British technological advantages are few and far between and that the Wellington is the latest warship designed and built by the English (sic.). It mentions deployments at Tirane, Henry’s Star and Beta Canum.

 

- Exeter Class System Defence Boat[11]. States that this class was designed as a result of the 3rd Rio Plato War which the British looked at one stage as being drawn in on the side of the French. Some British in-system facilities were undefended if the French didn’t join in on their side and so this patrol ship was introduced after the war. These ships are located in the Sol and Tirane systems.

 

- Donovan Class Fighter[12]. An older class of ship which was shipped to the colonies when newer models were produced. It notes that ‘historically’ these ships would use massed volleys of missiles.

 

- BC-4 Cargo Carrier[13]. Notes that British space transport needs increased in the first half of the 2200s, as previously needs were met from mine in Antarctica or Greenland or from Tirane and shipped on French ships.

 

- BC-7 Robot Cargo Carrier[14]. Notes that the British followed the ‘Chinese’ in introducing robot cargo ships, which are commonly used in QAS and Henry’s Star Systems.

 

- Faidi Class Courier[15]. Notes a British corporation buying the first of these class of ships.

 

- Dalton Class Mining Vessel[16]. Details a British asteroid mining ship.

 

Assumptions

 

From the SotFA it could be assumed that the British do not have a particularly modern space military and it has not seen action since the Alpha Centauri War, although there have been some close calls. However Britain still deploys military force in the Alpha Centauri system. In terms of international links Britain is allied to, and in some ways reliant on France, however the rivalry with Argentina is so strong it nearly brought Britain into the 3rd Rio Plato War. Lastly Britain seems to be fairly strongly involved in non-military starship production and in-system mining.

 

Contradictions

 

The depiction of Britain as a fairly non-active space military power seems at odds with the Boxed Set’s ‘ruling the waves’ and ‘nineteenth century’ analogies. It is also somewhat internally contradictory with the depiction of the Donovan’s ‘traditional’ tactics in battle, and the production of two new ship classes in the 2270s. In addition, contrary to the write-up the in-service dates for the Exeter are before the end of the 3rd Rio Plato War.

 

Nyotokundu Sourcebook, 1987

 

- Attitudes to Azania[17]. Britain is mentioned as being resentful of the black majority government of Azania but that attitude changed with the discovery of Azanian reserves.

 

- ESAS Pathfinder[18] . A multi-nationally crewed ship built in Glasgow and captained by Lord Geoffrey Ramage which surveyed Nyotokundu. Ramage would go on to become a British national hero.

 

- OMS Andrew Carnegie[19]. Details an Orbital Mining Station and its predominantly British owning company AMEC as well as details of the evolution of belt mining from the early 2100s.

 

- Benjamin Whitman[20]. One of AMEC’s OMC’s is named for this man described as a pioneer of British spaceflight and living between 1977-2073.

 

- Characters[21] . The crew of the OMS Andrew Carnegie are largely British. The include a former member of the Royal Space Corps and scion of the nobility.

 

Assumptions

 

Nyotokundu makes it clear that Britain was strongly involved in ESA exploration operations from the start of the era when stutterwarp was available and also had a voice in ESA councils. It also says that Britain was and still is involved in off-world mining efforts from an early age.

 

Contradictions

 

The heavy involvement of Britain in space operations in the early 2100s is somewhat earlier than the renaissance mentioned in the Boxed Set, but could be explained away as preliminary operations which made the later prosperity possible. The naming of the British space military as the Royal Space Corps seems somewhat counterintuitive as that nomenclature suggests it is a part of another service, rather than a service of its own.

 

Beanstalk, 1987

 

- The British Continent[22]. The British colony on Beta Canum is described in detail as being established in 2207 on the smallest and least easily commercially exploited colony. The colonisation effort is low key, left mainly to adventurous colonists and infrastructure developed to serve as a link between French and Bavarian (later German Continents.) However by 2300 the colony has thrived and expanded and is commonly referred to as ‘New Africa’.

 

- British colonial policy[23]. The British choice of colony on Beta Canum and low key expansion is noted as being part of a plan to gain better leverage for exploitation of future worlds to be opened up on the French Arm and to save resources for this. It is noted that Henry’s Star was Britain’s pay off in 2217 and by the 2260s this colony is ‘progressing nicely’.

 

- French protectionism[24]. A major plot device is French protectionism over food standards preventing British farmers from entering a key market in off-world food exports.

 

Assumptions

 

That Britain’s colonial effort on Beta Canum was one of the smallest and least well resourced, however it was still successful. That the British were looking for a major colonial effort from Henry’s Star and beyond, and that Henry’s Star was successful up to the 2260’s. Lastly that while Britain and France are allies, there are still items of disagreement between them.

 

Boxed Set, 2nd Edition, 1988  

 

The 2nd Edition, complete with a change in name, has only a few more elements to add about Britain.

 

- The Black Scorpion Company[25]. A rather ludicrous mercenary company is described with its leader rising from membership of a London gang to joining the Special Air Service and then going on to make officer and start his own mercenary company.

 

Assumptions

 

The SAS and the British Army still exists. There are still slums and gangs in major British cities. It is possible to rise up the ranks of the British Army despite poor origins to become an officer.

 

Colonial Atlas, 1988

 

- New Albion[26]. Settlement of this British colony on Tirane was described as initially intense, and then tapering off, although the 2300 population is still 212 million. The British are still said to regard the colony as a national favourite. The colony is described as initially being an agricultural and light industrial colony as well as being home to the nobility.

 

- Neubayern mines[27]. The British possess active mining concessions on Neubayern VIc

 

- Alicia[28]. The British possess a colony on Beowulf at Queen Alice’s Star. Discovered by ESAS Vancouver, another largely British crewed ship, in 2164. Named for Queen Alice, then on the throne for 23 years. Her reign would go on to compare with that of Queen Victoria in ‘length, prosperity and colonial development.’ The colony is the most important in Britain’s ‘colonial empire’ and considered a showpiece colony.

 

- Nature of Alicia. The colony is concentrated on the eastern coast of its continent and has some 26 million population. Predominantly ‘English’, with Scots, Irish, Canadian and Australians, non-‘British’ emigration is not encouraged. The colony has a burgeoning industrial base, much in orbit, as well as agriculture.

 

- Alician government. The colony has ‘Associate Member’ status of the British Commonwealth, but Britain retains suzerainty. The Governor is elected by the population and is supported by a privy council, he has control of internal affairs as well as the planetary army and police. A senior British officer retains control of other defence assets.

 

- Alician nobility. There is an Alician peerage, which is not entitled to sit in the House of Lords. The most powerful of these is the Duke of Alicia, who has been created a noble in the British establishment who can.

 

- Alician conflict with the French. There is tension and some violence between the British and French colonies over a number of islands.

 

- British Beta Canum colony[29]. This section of the Colonial Atlas is written by the writer of Beanstalk and is consistent with that work. It stresses the importance placed by the British on smoothing diplomatic difficulties between French and German colonies.

 

- Henry’s Star colony[30]. A ‘thriving’ British colony called Crater is found at Henry’s Star. It was surveyed in 2182 by the ESAS Endeavour under the command of another famous explorer Sir Henry Spence. The stars were named after Queen Alice’s Prince Consort.

 

- Nature of Crater. Established in 2217 and now has 1.6 million inhabitants concentrated near the city of Rimview. The world is relatively resource poor but has large concentrations of mineral wealth near the eponymous Crater which have led it to be described as ‘the new South Africa’.

 

- Government of Crater. The colony of Crater is governed in ‘neocolonialist’ fashion[31] with a Governor-General appointed from Earth by the Foreign Office. The colony is somewhat authoritarian with trade restrictions and lack of self-sufficiency causing problems. There is a corrupt Colonial Constabulary under the command of the governor.

 

- British Joi Colony[32]. The British have a colony called New Cornwall in the 61 Ursae Majoris system. Founded in 2254 it has grown very slowly to just under 300 000 population. It is a very advanced colony, which expects to grow significantly in the near future. It is under the aegis of the Colonial Office. 

 

- British colonial policy[33]. There is a section which describes the reasoning behind the slow expansion of New Cornwall, describing rushed colonisation efforts so far, leading to dissipation of effort, corruption and poor returns. It mentions that ‘forceful methods’ had been used on Alpha Centauri and had led to independence movements.

 

- Links with Azania. The British colony is closely linked to its Azanian neighbour and provides it with many services.

 

- British colonists on Syuhlahm[34]. There are British ethnic colonies on the world of Syuhlahm, some in the Manchurian colony and others in a FPK sponsored settlement of New Liverpool.

 

- Anglophone peacekeepers on Vogelheim[35]. In the aftermath of the War of German Reunification ground units mainly from Britain, America and Australia are present on this world as a multinational force. 

 

Assumptions

 

That Britain has four existing colonies and had a settlement on Alpha Centauri. Government is progressive with colonies gaining internal autonomy as they mature. There are separate establishments for law enforcement and military forces separate from those raised in the home nations. The aristocracy still exists as does a House of Lords in the British governmental system. British outposts exist in many places formal colonies do not. The colonies of Crater and New Cornwall are somewhat troubled and not really developing as hoped. 

 

British explorers were active in the early years of ESA explorations. A Queen Alice oversaw a period of strong growth in the mid- to late- 2100s. That Britain seeks to play a diplomatic role between France and Germany on at least two worlds. That Britain is able to work in a military alliance with the Americans and Australians and has the capability to deploy force to a world it does not have a colony on.

 

Contradictions

 

- The main contradiction with previous work is the naming of the British Alpha Centauri as ‘New Albion’ rather than the previous ‘Wellon’. Also by the naming of the colony as a ‘national favourite’ it raises questions as to whether the colony is still under direct British control or not and it is still referred to as a colony. 

 

- The depiction of Crater ‘thriving’ after 80 years with fewer than 2 million colonists, and New Cornwall, with fewer than 300 000 after 40, is at odds with the ‘revitalised’ colonisation effort directed at these worlds mentioned in the Boxed Set. It also contradicts the colonial policy described in Beanstalk with effort saved from Beta Canum for rapid exploitation of Henry’s Star.

 

- The description in the New Cornwall article of British colonial policy and ‘forceful methods’ used in Alpha Centauri leading to independence movements contradicts the description of ‘New Albion’ and previous writings of Wellon describing a peaceful succession.

 

- It would perhaps be fair to say that the above three contradictions are mainly the result of there being three different writers covering the colonies. Loren K Wiseman wrote the New Albion section, Lester W Smith the Beta Canum and J Andrew Keith detailed Beowulf, Crater and New Cornwall once. This is why New Albion is described as ‘a national favourite’ and Alicia the ‘showpiece’ in the same work. However even with articles written by the same author, with the Foreign Office in charge of Crater and the Colonial Office in charge of New Cornwall. 

 

- There is a minor contradiction between the longevity of Queen Alice described in this work, described as similar to that of Queen Victoria, so between 50-60 years and so reigning from 2141 until around 2190-2200. She is still Queen by the discovery of Crater in 2182. The ‘official 2300AD’ list of British monarchs[36] has Alice reigning from 2141-2177. Perhaps more importantly a ‘neo-Victorian’ era then contradicts the British renaissance as staring at the end of this era posited by the Boxed Set. 

 

- Another minor contradiction comes not with canon but historical British practice in governing colonies. Alicia is described as having an elected Governor supported by an unelected Privy Council. It was British practise to appoint a Governor-General as the Monarch’s representative to act as head of state. Local governments would be headed by a Prime Minister selected by the elected ruling party. As colonies matured the Governor-General would still be appointed by the Queen, but on the advice of the local government not the British one, as still happens in modern Australia, Canada and New Zealand.

 

Invasion, 1988

 

- British Royal Space Navy[37]. The module details the size of the British space force and its deployments at Earth, Beowulf, Beta Canum, Beta Comae Berenices and Vogelheim. It includes 11 heavy warships, 30 light warships and 41 fighters including one ‘newly fielded[38]’ deep-space fighter carrier. (Listed equivalents are France 14/46/116 and Germany 10/24/28). The RSN use traditional Royal Navy ship names.

 

- A British privateer[39]. The activities of British privateer Avenger under the command of a British aristocrat are noted. Several members of the crew are ex-RSN and the captain is the brother of the Duke of Alicia. The ship is an Exeter Class acquired as a result of the captain’s wealth and connections.   

 

- 2nd Battle of BCB[40]. In combination with a German squadron and following the successful first defence of BCB a British squadron of four ships attempts to defence BCB and is defeated, loosing half its ships and retreats to a hidden base in a neighbouring system.

 

- The Fall of Beta Canum[41]. The Kafers attack Beta Canum destroying the Beanstalk plunging the colonies, especially France’s, into chaos. There are only German and no French or British warships in the defence of the colony. On world the British attempt to aid the French, but across Beta Canum defences are left unprepared. The Kafers return and overrun the surface quickly. There is some sporadic resistance on the British continent but by and large the population accepts Kafer governance. The world is eventually liberated by Rochemont’s Fleet.

 

- The Fall of Crater[42]. Crater is attacked and occupied without resistance, however the government and miners in cooperation set up a guerrilla war against the aliens. Eventually the colony is liberated by Rochemont although Kafer remnants escape to the fringes of the colony.

 

- The Attack on Joi[43]. The Kafers launch and attack on Joi. British ships are involved in the battle, but the colony of New Cornwall is unaffected by the invasion.

 

- Peacekeepers on Vogelheim[44]. Under a Treaty of Darwin British, American and Australian warships are present as are ground troops from these nations and Canada. Cooperation between these forces is informal, but there is initially little cooperation with French and Germans.

 

- British leadership of the Reserve Fleet[45]. The Terran Reserve Fleet which eventually halts the Kafer is based in the Beowulf system and includes British, French, German, American and Ukrainian ships under the command of the British Admiral Graham. The decision to remain at this chokepoint is taken by the British government on Earth but backed by most commanders. Internal and external coordination is poor, with French and Ukrainians uncooperative, but the fleet’s combat power allows it a decisive victory.

 

Assumptions

 

That Britain has a strong, slightly stronger than Germany at any rate, space fleet including modern warships. That Britain is able to allow some minor warships, presumably retired from the main force, to act as privateers. That British colonies were unprepared for ground assault and largely undefended by British ships and troops. That Britain has enough diplomatic and military clout to lead coalition forces.

 

Contradictions

 

- The main and glaring contradiction is with the Ships of the French Arm, which insists the British have not built a new warship since the late 2270s, whereas Invasion has the British fielding a new carrier warship. However this does fit with the depiction of Britain ‘ruling the gravity waves’ in the Boxed Set. Also some deployments in Ships of the French Arm are not seen in Invasion.

 

- A minor contradiction is the use of ‘Royal Space Navy’ rather than ‘Royal Space Corps’ seen in Nyotokundu.

 

- The fall of Beta Canum, and indeed other colonies, stands in contrast with the defence of Aurore depicted in the Aurore Sourcebook. A world of 12 million with only militia to defend it from a shock attack survives for 3 months before help arrives in spite of losing its power supply. A world of 45 million with internal tensions between French and Germany and with months to prepare for the invasion looses its power supply, falls in a week and becomes largely collaborationist.

 

- Not a contradiction, but where did the British squadron based at Beta Canum go? It is mentioned in the opening order of battle but then refuses to make an appearance leaving British colonies on Beta Canum, Crater and Joi undefended. Guesses would be it either joined Rochemont’s Fleet for the Relief Expeditions, joined the squadron at BCB and escaped to Grosshiddenhafen or it retreated to join Graham at Beowulf. Or maybe the author just forgot about it.

 

Bayern, 1988

 

- British crewman[46]. There is a British interface pilot with the AR-I ship Bayern.

 

- HMS Impressive[47]. At some point in the late 2280s a British vessel rescued the survivors of a German cruiser in the Beta Canum system.

 

Ground Vehicle Guide, 1988

 

- German AFV[48]. It is mentioned that a German hover APC, the GfPzTr-XIII is in British service.

 

Earth/Cybertech Sourcebook, 1989

 

- Britain’s place in 2300AD[49]. ‘Britain runs a close race with Germany in terms of economic and political power in 2300’. ‘Politically, three nations dominate Europe: France, Britain and Germany… Economically, these three are only slightly above the rest of the continent’. ‘Britain… remained a major European power and stood in uncontested place until the formation of the Scandinavian Union’ [sic, Germany?]. Britain has a population of around 110 million on Earth.

 

- Britain’s economy. ‘Income from trade with its interstellar possessions, along with a continued emphasis on scientific research, has ensured the British economy remains strong, and British technological expertise is still in demand.’ Britain has an industrial capacity rated at 11 Rudells (a rudimentary measurement) as opposed to 11 for European France and 10 for Germany. The economy is very reliant on the importation of raw materials.

 

- British trade. Key trading partners are France, Britain’s off-world, America, Germany and Japan. Other trading partners are Canada, Bolivia, Uruguay, Spain and Iran.

 

- Links with Canada[50]. At the start of the 2100s Canada is described as providing agricultural and minerals which support a ‘massive industrialisation’ of Britain. Both nations share a close trade and military relationship and Canada participates in the exploitation of Greenland’s resources in the mid-2100s.

 

- The Royal Navy[51]. In the mid-2100s Britain is described as having the world’s largest naval force which it uses to win a bloodless standoff with Argentina over Antarctic resources by ‘vastly outgunning’ the Argentines. This further strained relations between Argentina and Britain.

 

Assumptions

 

That Britain is one of the most powerful nations in Europe, in the same bracket as Germany. That Britain has an economy, with strong industrial and technological sectors, reliant on imports of minerals and other resources. Initially from Earth and increasingly from off world. That Britain once again had a strong wet navy tradition. There are probably continued strong bilateral links with Canada.  

 

Contradictions

 

The population of Britain being 110 million raises a contradiction with a statement in the Boxed Set about half of Britain’s population living off earth. This would mean an off-world population also around 110 million. However the total population of UK colonies (taking Wellon out of the equation) is actually around 38 million. A short fall of 72 million.

 

Uncontroversial Characteristics

 

The following are what I believe are uncontroversial characteristics of Britain in 2300AD derived from the examination of canon.

 

Britain’s Position in 2300AD

 

Britain is a starfaring nation which although is not in the same league as France is one of the top three nations in Europe and is almost as influential as Germany.

 

Allies

 

Britain has a range of allies, including France, Germany, America, Australia and Canada. While these nations are allies, and usually, trading partners there is room for disagreement in particular with France over colonial issues. Britain has attempted to mediate between France and Germany.

 

Enemies

 

Britain seems to have only one real enemy, Argentina, fed by rivalry and confrontation lasting over three centuries. There is the implication that Britain is friendly with Brazil, it almost joined the 3rd Rio Plato War, on the basis of ‘my enemy’s enemy is also my friend’ if for no other reason.

 

Development of Space

 

Britain seems to have developed an orbital spaceflight programme in the second half of the 21st Century. The early first half of the 22nd Century saw Britain, and British companies involved in development of in-system mining technique that still exist to this day. British built ships and crews were heavily involved in ESA exploration expeditions in the mid- to late- part of this century. British transport capability increased dramatically in the early 23rd Century and Britain is still heavily involved in in-system mining in a number of systems.

 

Economy and Trade

 

The British economy seems to have finally recovered from the Twilight Era in the early 22nd Century and went through a period of rapid industrialisation. This process was fed by mineral resources from Canada, Greenland, Antarctica and the off-world colonies. Britain’s economy is strong, with an industrial sector stronger than Germany and equal to European France and continues to be reliant on imports of raw materials from off-world. Scientific research is strongly encouraged and British technology is in demand.  

 

Colonies and Outposts

 

Britain has initiated colonies on five different worlds and continues to directly control four of these. There are several British outposts of varying sizes across space, many of these are involved in mining operations. These colonies are a source of pride for the British. 

 

Controversial Characteristics

 

In addition to these there are several characteristics that rise from contradictions in canon and can be somewhat controversial.

 

Royal Space Navy

 

The most significant of these arises in respect to Britain’s space military. Essentially there are two different approaches to this topic.

 

- That Britain has a very weak space arm with no new ships and little warship development. This is supported directly by one ship write-up and indirectly in another write up, both in Ships of the French Arm.