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Malcolm Knowles on
andragogy
For Knowles, andragogy is premised on at least four
crucial assumptions about the characteristics of adult learners that are
different from the assumptions about child learners on which traditional
pedagogy is premised. A fifth was added later.
1. Self-concept: As a person matures his self concept
moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a
self-directed human being
2. Experience: As a person matures he accumulates a
growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for
learning.
3. Readiness to learn. As a person matures his readiness
to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his
social roles.
4. Orientation to learning. As a person matures his time
perspective changes from one of postponed application of
 knowledge
to immediacy of application, and accordingly his orientation toward learning
shifts from one of subject- centeredness to one of problem centredness.
5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the
motivation to learn is internal (Knowles 1984:12).
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